How are the images in the first section of the Voynich manuscript different from other ancient herbals?
I would be interested in other people's opinions.
I attach visual comparisons between the Voynich ms and other manuscripts. I used four of the identifications listed by Derek Vogt on the site of You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view..
The plants are:
Betonica (Voynich You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.)
Malva officinalis, marsh mallow (Voynich You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.)
Papaver, poppies (Voynich You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.)
Plantago (Voynich You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.)
The intent is not to comment on these specific identification hypotheses, but only to compare images between different manuscripts.
Manuscripts, left to right:
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Pseudo-Apuleius Platonicus, England, 2nd half of the 12th century
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Tractatus de herbis, Southern Italy, between c. 1280 and c. 1310
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, Liber de herbis et plantis, Southern Italy, first half of the XIV Century
The Voynich ms, first half of the XV Century
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Herbal of Giovanni Cadamosto, Veneto, 3rd quarter of the XV Century (before 1472)
Of course, you don't need to comment on these specific plants and manuscripts. Different comparisons are definitely welcome!
In You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Vviews asked if I could clarify my stance on the Greekness of the VM. I started replying there, but then thought the admins would appreciate it if I moved this discussion to a new thread. So here goes:
(08-04-2016, 09:20 AM)V Views Wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.Koen Gh,
I have a few questions, regarding this but also several other identifications you make.
Is your theory that the Voynich was produced in Greece? Or that it is a copy of an ancient Greek manuscript?
In any case, can you prove that the artefacts you refer to as inspiration for Voynich iconography were known in the 15th C?
My issue with many of the artefacts you offer for visual comparison is that they were rediscovered in the 19th century, such as the Victory of Samothrace for example, which you refer to in your blogpost referenced by MarcoP.
Although European scribes and intellectuals were certainly familiar with the writings of the ancients, I strongly doubt that they had ever laid eyes on the coins, pottery and imagery you refer to as inspiration, which were rediscovered much more recently.
If I am wrong, I would really appreciate a link to a scholarly article explaining the presence of ancient Greek artifacts in European monasteries or universities in the 14th-15th century.
I appreciate the questions, hopefully I can clarify at least a bit.
Well first of all, I'm not the first one to make the link with ancient imagery, Diane has been doing this for years.
To answer your questions:
- I don't have a theory yet, my insights are still evolving. Either way, I think the chance that the manuscript was made in present day Greece is small, and I see no reason to assume so. Hellenistic culture and imagery was spread far and wide, to the East, to Egypt, copied by the Romans...
- I am absolutely convinced that the VM is a copy, or slight adaptation of earlier sources. Or, more likely, a group of older sources blended together in a similar style. Like Diane, I believe these sources related to the Eastern trade routes, which linked the Mediterranean to the East.
- If MS Beinecke 408 is the result of an attempt at near-identical copying of these older sources, we don't necessarily need the 15th C scribes to understand the imagery. Remember that not all manuscripts produced in the Middle ages were original works. Many were copies, adaptations, translations... This is very important: I will never argue that the MS was an original 15th century European creation, and I see no reason why it should be.
You are totally right that many of these artifacts have been rediscovered too recently for it to be a 15th century European creation. This line of thinking seems very unlikely to me.
Lately I've had reasons to consider Byzantium. It has remained, at least partially, culturally Greek for much longer than mainland Europe. They would have had access to Eastern Hellenistic imagery through trade with the East. Note that many of the images I refer to in my blog posts were common on coins!
Specifically about the Athena aegis vs. nebuly line issue: I don't argue that whoever first made this had Greek vases standing around. That is very, very unlikely. I merely use them as an illustration that this was a specific pattern that would have been recognized. As JKP correctly remarked, this pattern was known in several earlier cultures as well. My point was, that the original makers of this imagery (let's say in 8th century Byzantium, just to say something) tapped into this tradition rather than the later nebuly line one.
In all cases, the imagery I provide are an illustration of a tradition, which to some extent lived on in places like Byzantium. Most of these statues, coins, frescos, mosaics... have been lost. The examples I cite just give us a glimpse into the imagery the Ancients.
The dating of the origins for the root-and-leaf section is still an issue, because if I assume Byzantium as the origin of the source material (so not the place where MS Beinecke 408 was later manufactured - that would have been in Europe), it could be anywhere between, let's say, the fourth and the fifteenth century.
A quote from an essay by Jonathan Harris (Hellenic Institute, Royal Holloway, University of London) "reading classical Greek and even composing in the same style were an integral part of Byzantine higher education. Whereas in the West secular education had tended to die out in the early Middle Ages, in Byzantium it was sustained. In each generation, those who took their education beyond the age of fourteen would be instructed in the works of the ancient Greek poets, historians, dramatists and philosophers. Thus any educated Byzantine in the imperial service would have had a knowledge of these [ancient and classical] works which would have been the envy of many educated Italians."
As you rightfully point out, the question remains up to which century they would have been familiar with the actual imagery I propose. In the earlier centuries, those involved in international trade would have definitely seen these images on coins, that seems for sure. But this is something that still needs to be investigated.
What I'm trying to say is: we don't need any totally crazy theory to explain how these images ended up here.
I'll gladly answer any other questions or clarify where necessary.
Seeing liquorice mentioned in You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. by Marco, I decided to put my notes about the potential Voynich liquorice plant into a blog post.
This is the plant:
And my interpretation of it, specifically, why the roots are arranged in a rather unnatural position, can be read in this post, including suggested label reading: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view..
Hi everyone,
here's yet another thread of opinions and suggestions on yet another unexplained feature of Voynich drawings, this time, those umbrella/half-pinecone/whatever shaped things in the balneo section.
You all know what I'm referring to, I'm sure: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. They're on 78r, but also, with some variation, on a few other folios.
Just to get the thread started, here's one image I found when looking through a bestiary, MS. Bodl. 602. (Mid 13th C) The entry is for Mermecolion, which as I have just learned, is another name for pearl.
F34r: This relates to the origin of pearls. From what I understand, that central shape is a close-up of one valve of the pearl-oyster. The text explains that the oyster opens at dawn, allowing it to absorb dew and starlight, which produce the pearl, which is pure like Mary.
Yeah, I know, it doesn't have a raised central pod like those Voynich shapes do, and it lacks those extra scalloped bits underneath, but I thought it might make a nice conversation starter anyway.
Comments/suggestions?
MarcoP made a count of the letters of words in the ms.
Counted were the end-letters of a word and also the start-letter of the next word. Only single letters.
We call that combination prefix - suffix, which applies to two words, but only 1 letter of the prefix and 1 letter of the prefix were used.
Also counted were the first letters of words and the combination of those with end letters of that same word. We call that combination first-last letter, which applies to one word.
Those counts have been placed in a matrix and two graphs show the numbers.
Conclusion
The pattern for both matrices are the same.
We can see that the first - last letter of 1 word follow the exact same pattern/tules versus the suffix word_A followed by prefix of word_B.
To the writer of the VMS it did not matter if he wrote just words or sequences of words: they follow the same rules.
This means, there are only 8 possible end letters of a word and 12 possible first letters of any word.
See the graphs here: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
Addition:
This is a simplication of my so called language dna method, which i developed some years ago for language identification purposes,
explained in detail on my site You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. and You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
The order and structure of the VMs Zodiac does not represent the typical sequence and standard arrangement of a medieval zodiac. VMs has Pisces first, which may have reasons in the use of the Julian calendar, but it also splits Aries and Taurus for no plausible reason, many would say.
But Aries and Taurus are now pairs. Split, artificial pairs. A pair of artificial pairs, while Pisces has generally always been a pair of fish. Pisces is a natural pair. So are Gemini and Cancer. The pairing in Cancer is unusual, but still natural - as opposed to the Aries and Taurus examples. Pisces and Cancer are now paired as being pairs of aquatic animals. And this is a second pair of paired pairs.
But for whatever reasons, the restructure of the VMs Zodiac sequence has been seen as unfamiliar, disruptive, strange and exotic. Too unknown and foreign for even the simplest of patterns to be recognized. The paring paradigm is established in the VMs Zodiac signs. Pairing continues in the heraldry-like patterns from the very top of Pisces outer ring. Pairing is seemingly valid, but is the heraldry?
Hopefully, this will put the topic back in the Imagery section, where it belongs. If anyone has more to say.
As to the critiques about the validity of heraldic identifications in the VMs Zodiac illustrations, I have cited a particular use of heraldic canting that I have called the papelonny pun. It is based on specific armorial, heraldic patterns and traditional definitions and on the objective placement of these same elements in the VMs Zodiac illustrations.
Is the investigator, who is not familiar with the pattern, the definition or even the name of the papelonny pattern going to find this pun amusing? Convincing? At all? Probably not. The time devoted to modern investigations clearly has shown that the presence of the pun remains unseen until the proper, traditional, heraldic name can be used to identify the specific pattern in the VMs illustration. The trap remains invisible until it is sprung. The design remains generic until it is identified. Heraldry, through the use of heraldic canting, validates heraldry, which is the historical Fieschi identification and all that goes with it. Heraldry verifies the intended interpretation of heraldry, if you know where to find the essential, traditional, historical facts.
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I recently read an You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. by the Italian herbal expert Sergio Toresella in which the scholar proposes an analogy between the Voynich manuscripts and works by Giovanni Cadamosto.
Quote:Personalmente ritengo che l'autore del codice voynich fosse un pazzo (di alto livello però) o più probabilmente un ciarlatano come Cadamosto (parente del navigatore) Quest'ultimo era un uomo assai ricco e pubblicò un ragguardevole lavoro sulle piante, un Tacuinum sanitatis e parecchie considerazioni sui veleni. La sua opera è stata ricopiata diverse volte negli anni e si trova a Vienna, New York, Lugano, Norimberga, Firenze, Parigi (questa copia gli fu pagata 10 scudi d'oro da Borso d'Este). [...]
Se non ricordo male, ma dovrei consultare i miei appunti, una vaghissima correlazione di tipo contenutistico si potrebbe forse vedere tra le donnine nude al bagno di voynich e una tarda copia dell'erbario di Cadamosto che si trova alla Biblioteca Comunale di New York che mi pare contenga un capitolo sui bagni termali di Porretta.
My translation: Personally, I think that the author of the Voynich manuscript was a madman (but of a high level) or more likely a charlatan like Cadamosto (a relative of the sailor). He was a very rich man and published an important work about plants, a “Tacuinum sanitatis” and several considerations about venoms. His work has been copied many timest through the years and can be found in Vienna, New York, Lugano, Nuremberg, Florence, Paris (this copied was paid to him 10 golden scudi by Borso d'Este). [...]
If I remember correctly (but I should check my notes) a weak correlation in terms of contents could maybe be seen between the naked bathing women in the Voynich ms and a late copy of Cadamosto's herbal in the City Library of New York which I think contains a chapter about the thermal baths in Porretta.
(In these same comments, Toresella dismisses as irrelevant the work of Stephen Bax and praises Pelling's Filarete hypothesis – I disagree with these opinions, which are not the subject of this thread)
The sailor mentioned by Toresella likely is You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. (also Alvide da Ca' da Mosto) who “undertook two known journeys to West Africa in 1455 and 1456”.
Copies of the herbal of Giovanni Cadamosto da Lodi have been mentioned both by You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. (also You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.) and You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.. I recently compared one of them with the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. discussed by Koen Gh.
Here are some on-line copies:
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.. Veneto, 3rd quarter 15th century. (before 1472). Online scans are of excellent quality and allow the Italian text to be easily read.
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. – this is the copy made for Borso d'Este mentioned by Toresella. The manuscript was written in 1471. The BNF images allow an analysis of the illustrations, but for the roots of the plants at the bottom which have often been trimmed in the scans). The resolution is not sufficient to read the text.
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.. From the site: Dated to ca. 1475 by notes in dossier; in a northern Italian dialect. Acc. to Kup, the direct ancestor of the illustration cycle in our ms. is the Latin Tacuinum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.. As noted by Toresella, this copy includes a bathing section (near the end).
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.. A XVI century copy. Origin: Northern Italy or Germany. The Italian text appears after the illustrations, starting at f80r.
You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., Augsburg?, 1520 – 1530. I have been unable to find any specific statement, but I think this beautiful German manuscript also derives from Cadamosto's herbal. This manuscript is similar to Harley 3736.
For comparison, I attach images of Bryonia from the different manuscripts.
Cadamosto's herbal is too late to have inspired the Voynich manuscript, still it is a very interesting parallel. In particular, roots include various curious elements that also appear in the VMS. Also, the herbal is very accurate and it appears to have been originally at least partially drawn from actual plants. It includes some of the “plants of the alchemists” (e.g. Lunaria, A morso serpentis, Consolida) but it does not feature the strong simplification that makes the “alchemical herbals” stylistically different from the VMS. As noted by Toresella, also the presence of a You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. in the New York exemplar is of interest.
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Here is the list of plants in the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. (see comment You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). Clickable links to the later illustrations in BL Harley MS 3736.
13 top - "Artemesia" , artemisia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
13 bottom - "Acetosa" , rumex acetosa / sorrel ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
14 top - "Acetosa mezana" , sorrel ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
14 bottom - "Acetosa minore" , sorrel ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
15 top - "Agrimonia" , agrimony You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
15 bottom - "Absinchio ?" , artemisia absinthium ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
16 top - "Alchechingi" , physalis alkekengi You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
16 bottom - "Aleluya panis cuculi" , trifolium silvestre You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
17 top - "Aristologia longa" , “long” aristolochia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
17 bottom - "Aristologia rotonda" , “round” aristolochia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
18 top - "Acori" , acorus gramineus? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
18 bottom - "Abrotano" , artemisia abrotanum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
19 top - "Afodili" , asphodelus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
19 bottom - "Atriplice" , atriplex hortensis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
20 top - "Anese" , pimpinella anisum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
20 bottom - "Assabachera" , asarum europaeum / asarabacca You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
21 top - "Antola" , aconitum anthora ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
21 bottom - "Argentale herba senza costa" , ophioglossum vulgatum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
22 top - "Appio" , apium graveolens You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
22 bottom - "Aleo selvatico" , allium ursinum / wild garlic You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
23 top - "Apio riso" , apium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
23 bottom - "Anedalco consolida magiore" , arnica montana ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
24 top - "Anedo" , anethum graveolens You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
24 bottom - "Avedon tasso barbasso" , verbascum thapsus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
25 top - "Alixandra" , smyrnium olusatrum / Alexanders You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
25 bottom - "Aricanto eleboro biancho" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
26 top - "Angelica" , angelica ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
26 bottom - "Antipater herba muscata" , achillea erba-rotta subsp. moschata ?
27 top - " -
27 bottom - "Artetica peolosella" , ajuga chamaepitys You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
28 top - "Amarella" , artemisia vulgaris You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
28 bottom - "Affrania" , saffron crocus ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
29 top - "Antora" , aconitum anthora ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
29 bottom - "Anedina" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
30 top - "Annabula" , tithymalus spathulatus / euphorbia spathulata You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
30 bottom - "Arca angelica angelica" , archangelica You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
31 top - "Adianto" , adiantum capillus-veneris ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
31 bottom - "Ambrosia" , ambrosia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
32 top - "Bugolosa" , anchusa azurea You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
32 bottom - "Betonica" , stachys officinalis / betony You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
33 top - "Bardana" , arctium lappa You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
33 bottom - "Bursa pastoris" , capsella bursa-pastoris / shepherd's-purse You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
34 top - "Boragine" , borago / borage You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
34 bottom - "Branca ursina" , heracleum sphondylium ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
35 top - "Balsamita menta acquatica" , tanacetum balsamita You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
35 bottom - "Brionia" , bryonia dioica You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
36 top - "Balicha" , matthiola incana You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
36 bottom - "Berbena" , verbena officinalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
37 top - "Bedegar" , cynara cardunculus / cardoon You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
37 bottom - "Barbaircina" , tragopogon You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
38 top - "Bonavischio" , althaea officinalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
38 bottom - "Bistorta" , bistorta You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
39 top - "Bonifacia pagana" , ruscus hypoglossum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
39 bottom - "Batilessere" , centaurea cyanus / cornflower You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
40 top - "Bruscono" , ruscus aculeatus / butcher's-broom, You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
40 bottom - "Barba aron herba bilera" , arum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
41 top - "Barba iovis sticados" , lavandula stoechas / lavender ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
41 bottom - "Basilico" , ocimum basilicum / basil You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
42 top - "Beusto" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
42 bottom - "Bledono ?", Bledorio ? ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
43 top - "Benrosso" , statice limonium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
43 bottom - "Boragine salvatico" , borago / wild borage You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
44 top - "Centaurea minore" , centaurea minor You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
44 bottom - "Canaparia" , eupatorium cannabinum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
45 top - "Cardoncello" , cirsium arvense / thistle You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
45 bottom - "Cauda equina" , equisetum / horsetail You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
46 top - "Camomilla" , matricaria chamomilla / chamomile You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
46 bottom - "Cameleonta nigra" , carlina gummifera ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
47 top - "Cinaglossa lingua canis" , cynoglossum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
47 bottom - "Cottula bruxa bocha" , anthemis cotula ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
48 top - "Capillo venere" , adiantum capillus-veneris You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
48 bottom - "Consolida minore" , symphytum bulbosum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
49 top - "Cipero" , aspalatus linearis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
49 bottom - "Caprifolio" , lonicera / caprifolium / honeysuckles You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
50 top - "Cichlamen" , cyclamen You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
50 bottom - "Cigola squilla" , drimia maritima You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
51 top - "Carlina" , carlina You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
51 bottom - "Campanella gentiana minore" , gentiana asclepiadea You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
52 top - "Cimballaria colitidon" , cymbalaria You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
52 bottom - "Centrogalli scarlegia" , alectorolophus / rhinanthus minor You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
53 top - "Cardo benedetto herba turca" , centaurea benedicta ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
53 bottom - "Cappari" , capparis spinosa / caper You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
54 top - "Corigiola sanguinaria poligonia" , dipsacus ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
54 bottom - "Coriandro" , coriandrum sativum / coriander You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
55 top - "Catapucia tintimalo" , euphorbia lathyris You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
55 bottom - "Cauda leonis" , limodorum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
56 top - "Cuscute" , cuscuta / dodder You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
56 bottom - "Cauda porcina meyo salvatico" , peucedanum officinale ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
57 top - "Cicuta" , cicuta / water hemlock You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
57 bottom - "Centonico" , artemisia santonicum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
58 top - "Camepiteos" , ajuga chamaepitys You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
58 bottom - "Calamento" , calamintha You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
59 top - "Crespola" , chrysanthemum parthenium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
59 bottom - "Camedreos quercula" , teucrium chamaedrys / wall germander. You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
60 top - "Cicorea" , cichorium intybus / wild chicory You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
60 bottom - "Celidonia" , chelidonium majus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
61 top - "Cartamo zafrano salvatico" , carthamus tinctorius / safflower You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
61 bottom - "Chroco zafrano domestico" , crocus sativus / saffron / autumn crocus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
62 top - "Carenza pan molo" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
62 bottom - "Cucumero asinino" , ecballium elaterium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
63 top - "Castagnola" , scrophularia nodosa ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
63 bottom - "Citracha" , asplenium ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
64 top - "Corbula" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
64 bottom - "Caruino" , carum carvi? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
65 top - "Centaurea magiore" , centaurea centaurium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
65 bottom - "Cauda vulpina" , fox's tail ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
66 top - "Canna domestica" , arundo donax ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
66 bottom - "Canna salvatica" , arundo donax ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
67 top - "Campanara" , myrtus communis ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
67 bottom - "Colandra" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
68 top - "Canforada" , stratiotes aloides ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
68 bottom - "Castora" , ricinus communis / castorbean You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
69 top - "Castrangula minore" , scrophularia ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
69 bottom - "Cannamella" , accharum officinarum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
70 top - "Cottula media" , anthemis cotula ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
70 bottom - "Cugierera" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
71 top - "Cicorea domestica" , cichorium intybus / chicory You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
71 bottom - "Cottula major" , anthemis cotula ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
72 top - "Chiri" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
72 bottom - "Cressone" , nasturtium officinale / watercress You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
73 top - "Centumcapita" , eryngium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
73 bottom - "Castrangula milimorbia" , scrophularia ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
74 top - "Cararola" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
74 bottom - "Costanza" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
75 top - "Caspetres" , saxifraga hirculus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
75 bottom - "Casturza" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
76 top - "Crespanica" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
76 bottom - "Cornatella" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
77 top - "Diptamo" , dictamnus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
77 bottom - "Dragontea" , dracunculus vulgaris You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
78 top - "Dauco pastonachia salvatica" , pastinaca / daucus carota You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
78 bottom - "Daneda" , tanacetum vulgare You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
79 top - "Dente de leone taraxacon" , taraxacum officinale / common dandelion You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
79 bottom - "Durella sissamo" , sesamum indicum / sesame ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
80 top - "Dente caballino iuschiaris" , hyoscyamus niger You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
80 bottom - "Dragone" , artemisia dracunculus / tarragon You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
81 top - "Ermodatilo" , iris tuberosa You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
81 bottom - "Elleboro nigro" , helleborus niger You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
82 top - "Epaticha" , marchantiophyta / hepatopsida You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
82 bottom - "Elleboro bianco" , helleborus albus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
83 top - "Ebulo" , sambucus ebulus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
83 bottom - "Eufrasia" , euphrasia ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
84 top - "Enula" , inula helenium / elecampane You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
84 bottom - "Edera" , hedera / ivy You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
85 top - "Esula" , euphorbia esula You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
85 bottom - "Epictamo" , cuscuta epithymum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
86 top - "Fen grecho" , trigonella foenum-graecum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
86 bottom - "Eupatorio" , eupatorium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
87 top - "Fenichulo erbabona" , foeniculum vulgare / fennel You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
87 bottom - "Filopendula vistago" , filipendula You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
88 top - "Faba inversa" , atropa belladonna You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
88 bottom - "Faba grecha grasulla" , crassula ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
89 top - "Furmotere" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
89 bottom - "Farfarela" , petasites hybridus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
90 top - "Felefe" , pteridophyte / fern ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
90 bottom - "Fillago" , filago You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
91 top - "Folio" , equisetum arvense ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
91 bottom - "Fragule" , fragaria / strawberry You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
92 top - "Fafana testiculi de sacerdothi" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
92 bottom - "Gariofolata pes leporis" , geum urbanum / wood avens / herb Bennet You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
93 top - "Git groton" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
93 bottom - "Gentiana" , gentiana ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
94 top - "Garofolo" , dianthus caryophyllus / carnation You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
94 bottom - "Genestra" , genista / broom You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
95 top - "Gratia dei" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
95 bottom - "Gramegna" , cynodon dactylon / devil's grass You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
96 top - "Galiga ructa capraria" , galeopsis ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
96 bottom - "Genogelo sechacul" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
97 top - "Giusemin" , jasminum / jasmine You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
97 bottom - "Gratiola" , gratiola officinalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
98 top - "Herba grana" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
98 bottom - "Garofoli indiani" , syzygium aromaticum / clove You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
99 top - "Herba bianca calendula" , calendula You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
99 bottom - "Herba fornefera erba nova" , solanum nigrum / black nightshade You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
100 top - "Herba grissa" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
100 bottom - "Herba venti? denti?" , taraxacum officinale / common dandelion ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
101 top - "Herba gualteri" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
101 bottom - "Herba pe de barba ruberti" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
102 top - "Herba foruncula" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
102 bottom - "Herba potaria" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
103 top - "Isopo" , hyssopus officinalis / hyssop You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
103 bottom - "Ipericon perforata" , hypericum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
104 top - "Iva" , achillea ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
104 bottom - "Iva muscada" , achillea muschiata You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
105 top - "Ioncholo" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
105 bottom - "Ireos" , iris ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
106 top - "Iris" , iris You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
106 bottom - "Iordana" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
107 top - "Imperatoria" , peucedanum ostruthium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
107 bottom - "Indicho" , indigofera tinctoria ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
108 top - "Liqueritia" , lycyrrhiza glabra / licorice You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
108 bottom - "Herba rosa erba sancta maria" , tanacetum balsamita ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
109 top - "Linaria" , linaria vulgaris You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
109 bottom - "Levisticho" , levisticum officinale You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
110 top - "Lillio" , lilium / lily You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
110 bottom - "Lapatio" , rumex / dock You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
111 top - "Lupulo" , humulus lupulus / hop You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
111 bottom - "Lino linoxa" , linum usitatissimum / flax You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
112 top - "Lunaria magiore" , lunaria rediviva ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
112 bottom - "Latuca" , lactuca sativa, lettuce You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
113 top - "Lantiola" , plantago lanceolata You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
113 bottom - "Lavenda" , lavandula, lavender You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
114 top - "Lapa inversa" , arctium lappa ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
114 bottom - "Luminela" , euphrasia officinalis ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
115 top - "Lunaria minore" , petasites hybridus ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
115 bottom - "Lingua pagana" , ruscus hypoglossum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
116 top - "Malva" , malva sylvestris / common mallow You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
116 bottom - "Men petrosilio salvatico" , petroselinum crispum / parsley You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
117 top - "Memite" , chelidonium majus / greater celandine You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
117 bottom - "Mandragora femina" , mandragora autumnalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
118 top - "Marsilia faba lupina" , anayris foetida ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
118 bottom - "Malabrancha" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
119 top - "Milifolium" , achillea millefolium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
119 bottom - "Mazabaro" , santalum album ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
120 top - "Milliloto" , melilotus officinalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
120 bottom - "Morso del diavolo" , succisa pratensis ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
121 top - "Menta" , mentha / mint You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
121 bottom - "Mentastro" , mentha spicata / spearmint You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
122 top - "Malva media roye marine" , paeonia / peony ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
122 bottom - "Melongiano" , solanum melongena / eggplant You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
123 top - "Milimorbia" , scrophularia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
123 bottom - "Maiorana" , origanum majorana / marjoram You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
124 top - "Melisa cetronela" , melissa officinalis / lemon balm You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
124 bottom - "More salvatiche" , rubus ulmifolius / blackberry You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
125 top - "Momordicha herba balzamina" , momordica charantia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
125 bottom - "Martegon ffera cavalo" , lilium martagon ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
126 top - "Mezercon laureola" , salix daphnoides ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
126 bottom - "Merobio marobio" , marrubium vulgare / white horehound You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
127 top - "Morso serpentis" , aquilegia vulgaris ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
127 bottom - "Melica" , melica You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
128 top - "Mercurela" , mercurialis annua ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
128 bottom - "Mandragora" , mandragora You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
129 top - "Nenufaro" , nuphar / water lily You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
129 bottom - "Nigela" , nigella You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
130 top - "Langurie" , citrullus lanatus / watermelon You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
130 bottom - "Lupini" , lupinus albus / lupin You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
131 top - "Origano" , origanum vulgare / oregano You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
131 bottom - "Nepita" , nepeta / catmint You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
132 top - "Nasturzo" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
132 bottom - "Napelo" , aconitum napellus ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
133 top - "Oleander" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
133 bottom - "Oculi cristi" , dianthus barbatus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
134 top - "Papavero biancho" , papaver / white poppy You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
134 bottom - "Papavero negro" , papaver somniferum / opium poppy You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
135 top - "Pe de nibio" , ranunculus acris / buttercup You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
135 bottom - "Paretaria cirefola erba venti" , parietaria officinalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
136 top - "Pentafilon quinque folium" , gynostemma pentaphyllum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
136 bottom - "Primaveris" , primula ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
137 top - "Pentadactilo agrasolo" , ricinus communis / castorbean ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
137 bottom - "Papavero roso" , papaver / red poppy You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
138 top - "Provincha perlenga" , vinca minor You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
138 bottom - "Polmonaria" , pulmonaria / lungwort You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
139 top - "Polio montano" , teucrium montanum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
139 bottom - "Palma christi" , dactylorhiza maculata You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
140 top - "Polipodio" , polypodium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
140 bottom - "Politricho" , polytrichum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
141 top - "Piperculi carvyno" , thymus piperella ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
141 bottom - "Pimpinela" , pimpinella ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
142 top - "Piantana" , plantago lanceolata / plantain You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
142 bottom - "Pulezolo" , mentha pulegium You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
143 top - "Primula veris herba san pedro" , tanacetum balsamita You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
143 bottom - "Porcelana" , portulaca oleracea You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
144 top - "Persicaria" , persicaria You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
144 bottom - "Paucedano" , peucedanum officinale You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
145 top - "Pulicaria psilio" , conyza / horseweed / butterweed You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
145 bottom - "Peonia" , paeonia / peony You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
146 top - "Pe colombino" , geranium columbinum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
146 bottom - "Pavaratia" , stellaria media / chickweed, You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
147 top -
147 bottom - "Plantana aquatica" , alisma plantago-aquatica You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
148 top - "Rafano" , armoracia rusticana / cochlearia armoraci / horseradish You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
148 bottom - "Roxa" , rosa / rose You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
149 top - "Ramponzolo" , campanula rapunculus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
149 bottom - "Ructa" , ruta graveolens / rue You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
150 top - "Rosmarino" , rosmarinus officinalis / rosemary You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
150 bottom - "Ructa salvatica" , ruta / wild rue You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
151 top - "Rucola" , eruca sativa You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
151 bottom - "Senavere" , colutea arborescens You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
152 top - "Sissamo" , sium sisarum / skirret ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
152 bottom - "Rubea tinctorum" , rubia tinctorum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
153 top - "Scolopendria" , phymatosorus scolopendria You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
153 bottom - "Sparesi" , asparagus You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
154 top - "Sempreviva" , sempervivum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
154 bottom - "Salvia" , salvia officinalis / sage You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
155 top - "Sempresiciens" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
155 bottom - "Scabiosa" , scabiosa You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
156 top - "Serpilio" , thymus serpyllum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
156 bottom - "Saponaria" , saponaria You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
157 top - "Savina" , juniperus sabina ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
157 bottom - "Sasifragia" , saxifraga You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
158 top - "Sanbugolo" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
158 bottom - "Satirione" , neotinea maculata ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
159 top - "Saturegia segrizola" , satureja You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
159 bottom - "Scariola" , cichorium endivia You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
160 top - "Solatro" , solanum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
160 bottom - "Sisamo minore" , sesamum indicum ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
161 top - "Trifolio" , trifolium / clover You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
161 bottom - "Trifolio acuto" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
162 top - "Tabariso" , ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
162 bottom - "Tormentila" , potentilla erecta / tormentilla You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
163 top - "Tarasacon indiva salvaticha" , taraxacum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
163 bottom - "Tartufole" , tuber / truffles You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
164 top - "Urtica" , urtica dioica / nettle You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
164 bottom - "Viola" , viola You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
165 top - "Vincetosico" , vincetoxicum hirundinaria ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
165 bottom - "Valeriana" , valeriana officinalis You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
166 top - "Stelaria" , stellaria / starwort You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
166 bottom - "Siler montano" , laserpitium siler You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
167 top - "Oculi bovis" , buphthalmum You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
167 bottom - "Tribulo marino" , eryngium maritimum / sea holly ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
168 top - "Vitis albe" , bryonia dioica ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
168 bottom - "Vitis nigra" , dioscorea communis ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
169 top - "Saldanela" , brassica ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
169 bottom - "Volubile" , convolvulus arvensis / field bindweed You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
170 top - "Vermicularia" , senecio ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
170 bottom - "Zinzania" , lolium temulentum / darnel You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
171 top - "Zilia" , zilla myagroides ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
171 bottom - "Zenenerigo" , juniperus / juniper ? zingiber / ginger ? You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
Edit: this is a manipulated image for April first, there is no such text in the MS.
I was comparing some old and new scans when I noticed that in one version, a larger part is visible under the fold of the next page. I'm sure this has been noticed many times before, but well, I wonder if someone knows what it says. I tried to zoom in as much as possible without ruining the visibility.
First there are some bigger letters in a different color... Are those Roman numerals? WV?
And then it says something like feat fieri?? What does that mean?
I am continuing with my investigations but have decided to share this post in order to get feedback, as I think it's a very interesting observation.
I have been closely looking at Quire 13 (the balneological section) and something occured to me.
As part of the foliation task, I was examining You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. and f81r. These two folios are part of the same sheet of parchment (a bifolio), but have other sheets sewn in above them. Just like a newspaper.
It You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. that the bifolio was drawn as one complete page, and as such it should have been the centrepiece of the bifolio. So that when you open the quire, you see both pages together in all their glory.
I'm going to take this one step further and say:
All the bifolios in this quire have been drawn as complete entities.
In other words, each bifolio seems to have been drawn without taking into consideration that they would be sewn into a quire - each bifolio has unique graphic elements that aren't seen on other bifolios. They're independent of each other, as if each bifolio were telling a story, albeit all on the same general theme.
To see this, I printed them all off as bifolios. In fact, that's how I noticed this. So one sheet of A4 had 78v & 81r on one side, 81v and 78r on the back. Just like the real manuscript. If you don't have the printed copies to hand, use the Voynich Ninja page comparision tool You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
What you will notice when browsing is that each bifolio contain the same graphic imagery unique to that bifolio.
Remember, these bifoloios are two pages on one sheet of parchment. Just like a newspaper. You have your left hand side and your right hand side - the sheets of newspaper are laid on top of one another and stapled in the middle. So whilst one side of the sheet might have domestic news, the other side will be in a different section, say cooking.
Here's a layout of Quire 13, courtesy of ReneZ's website:
Let's take it from the bottom. After each analysis I add a brief summary of the unique features which link the individual pages of each bifolio.
f75 and f84 (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). Both folios share the same types of bathing pools. These pools have no walls or borders around them, making them visually distinct from 78-81, the only other bifolio where bathing pools appear. Furthermore, the nymps on these four pages are active, painted in different positions and facing one another. The 78-87 bifolio nymphs are all static, mainly facing in long rows and holding hands, the very antithesis to the nymphs on this bifolio. And here we have larger nymphs in these pools who seem to be some sort of central matriachal figure, unlike the 78-87 bifolio where all are the same sized. All the pools of water are connected downwards, and all four top pools have different decorations above the pools of water.
- The types of pool, the graphical imagery depicting the flow of water, the types of nymphs and their positions are unique to these four pages.
f76 and f83 (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. is the only text only page. The other three folios share common graphical traits. The nymphs appear alone, always standing in the mouth of a pipe (with two exceptions, at the top of 84r), sometimes holding objects. All of these pipes have a layered inverted pyramid underneath, and there is a strong motif of water "droplets" being You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.from pipes which occurs nowhere else (the water droplets sprayed on 77v/r are draw in a different fashion as rows of dots and lines -You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). The pipes are not connected to one another. The rainbow on 83r and bulbs on 83v are unique in this section. You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. does depict three nymphs putting their hands into tubs in a similar fashion to that of 82.
-Nymphs stand in pipes, sometimes holding objects. All stands have inverted layered pyramids with a strong motif of water droplets being sprayed.
f77 & f82 (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). Three of the pages are unique in having "pipes" connecting nymphs as headers. The fourth, f82r, continues with nymphs. Whilst there are pools of water on 82r/v, these are very different beasts from those on 78-87 or 75-84, in asmuch as they have no defined borders, and the nymphs are either scattered around the sides or standing on pipes. Around all four pages are individual nymphs standing not in pipes but in bowls. All individual nymphs have their hands inside pipes with one exception (82r centre right, lying down). f82 has a rip in the bottom which was originally sewn up and has since lost its thread - from the way the paint covers the rip (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.) I wonder if the rip happened after the original painting was done? Further study required here.
- This bifolio has unique individual stands for the nymphs, and all (excepting one) individual nymphs have their hands in pipes. Three of the headers are of pipes connecting nymphs.
78 & 81 (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). there is a clear connection between You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. and 81r - the built up swimming pool on 78v connects to the two baths on 81r. But there is an additional link - the bath on You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. has a link to the bath on f81v. Note the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. which logically connects on the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. And we can connect this with the master bath on 78r - note the bottom bath has an You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.and the bath opposite has an inlet which starts in the middle of You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.. All six baths are linked, albeit in a reverse order to the logical reading of the page (top right to bottom left, then left to right on the reverse). All the nymphs in the baths are also unique - there is no clear matriach, and they are all linked in groups, holding hands in groups of 3,4,5,6,7. All of the baths appear to be elevated swimming pools with the exception of the two on You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. which have no walls - but they do have the same stylised border running around the water which would indicate the top of wall. Maybe space limitations? (the page is very text heavy).
- All the pools on this bifolio are linked, from top left to right, the to the reverse left to right. The style of the pools is unique to this bifolio, as are the positions of the nymphs.
79 & 80 (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.). Again we have a unique imagery theme which links all the folios. There are individual (or small groupings) of nymphs in basins who drip water onto the basins below, until eventually the water reaches irregular pools (no attempts at depicting walls) in which nymphs and animals frolic. Most of the pools are green, but two pools include duos of nymphs touching each other (You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.) and the water is blue in these examples, which may be medical in nature. There are duality of nymphs interacting on all of the pages. Top right of You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. there appears to be a man chasing a woman. Animals appear in one of the folios.
- The pipes and basins connecting nymphs are unique to this bifolio. There are duos of nymphs interacting in an assertive/submissive fashion and when they appear in pools the water is a unique colour of blue. There appears to be a hierarchy of flowing water.
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I think it is clear that each bifolio is to be taken as whole, instead of individual pages to be read in order. It is too early to draw any conclusions from this, but one possibility is that the scribe wanted to draw more foldout pages, but instead continued with the bifolio model.
![[Image: liquorice.jpg?w=720]](https://herculeaf.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/liquorice.jpg?w=720)
![[Image: img8795.jpg]](http://bestiary.ca/beastimage/img8795.jpg)
![[Image: schema13.gif]](http://voynich.nu/q13/schema13.gif)