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| Botany and Mariology |
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Posted by: R. Sale - 23-01-2024, 09:22 PM - Forum: Imagery
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Simply by following the naming system provided by the listings of plants in a "Mary Garden", an additional perspective on the VMs plant section is set forth as a "visual code". By naming the violet "Our Lady's Modesty", alternatively "Mary's Modesty', which carries the double 'M' monogram, also found in Latin. The monogram is camouflaged in the VMs violet diagram as Koen pointed out. "Mary's Modesty" is specifically tied to the story of the Annunciation.
Likewise, costmary was called the "Herb of the Virgin". And the interpretation of the wing-like roots as the wings of Saint Michael <Juan_Sali> shows that this is an intentional representation of the Assumption.
Clearly both of these religious events are significant in Mariology, and they add to other religious interpretations that can be made from various VMs illustrations. VMs Virgo as the Virgin Mary on the crescent moon is another indicator of Mariology.
Are these two botanical examples like 'golden boughs' in a forest of green. Is that the purpose of the botanical section? Is this a place where every picture tells a story or a place where things of value are few and far between?
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| The Emergence of a Possible Coded Vocabulary After the Application of an Algorithm |
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Posted by: Pardis Motiee - 21-01-2024, 09:38 PM - Forum: News
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I have published this You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., on my website, please review it, if you can. Also, some words which are provided in the appendices did not have clear letters in the voynich manuscript so I had to factor them out. Its subject is about vocabulary that emerges by using the method of deciphering. And there are words that can be used to recognize and read the rest of the words which will appear on different pages.
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| Voynich papers by Joannes Richter on Scribd |
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Posted by: merrimacga - 20-01-2024, 05:19 AM - Forum: News
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Sometime ago I was Googling for Voynich related information and I ran across a Voynich paper on Scribd by Joannes Richter. I saved the link at the time but it took me until now to look into it further. It turns out it is # 8 in a series of 17 (so far) such papers by this author about the VM (he has others about the VM outside this series). I did a search on this site because I thought for certain someone here must have discussed his work before but my search came up empty. However, Nick Pelling has written about him on Cipher Mysteries (specifically, a You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. that discussed an earlier paper Richter wrote).
Richter has posted this intro on You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. on Scribd (his work, including a couple below, can also be found on You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.):
Overview of studies (and vita) of Joannes Richter Born 1947 in the Netherlands I studied electrical engineering at the Technical University of Eindhoven (Netherlands) and received a Master of Science degree in 1972. From 1972 I designed communication-systems for various large and medium-size German companies, including antennas, propagation systems and IT-databases for data-management. From 1989 (in my spare time) I studied etymology and linguistics as a communication tool, which might be optimized by ternary codings. Technical ternary systems may often be found in managing data structures, searching and sorting procedures. Most technical ternary systems may be found in the early stages of data processing, electronic systems and communications.
I confess I haven't read through these completely yet, just parts of them. I wasn't even able to access # 4, which is not listed below. It took me quite awhile just to dig up as much information as I have presented here. All these papers can be read online without a login on Scribd but to download them you will need at least a free trial account. I have included below just the titles, number of pages, upload dates, and Scribd links. If any of you do read any of them, I hope you at least find them interesting, if not also find some fresh thoughts or insight. Richter put quite a lot of work into them.
Voynich (1) : The Roots of The Voynich-Manuscript
57 pages, uploaded by Richter Jun 8, 2022
(In the introduction for this first one, he says he studied the Voynich information browser (Version 0.4) and the Voynich site of René Zandbergen.)
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Voynich (2) : The Search For Water - and Air-Words in The Voynich Manuscript
15 pages, uploaded by Richter Jun 19, 2022
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Voynich (3) : The Relations Between The Hunter Orion, The Pleiades and The Baskets in The Voynich Manuscript
12 pages, uploaded by Richter Ju1 1, 2022
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Voynich (5) : The Life-Cycle in Page You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. of The Voynich Manuscript
10 pages, uploaded by Richter Ju1 15, 2022
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Voynich (6) - The Origin of The Yellow, Blue and Green Waters
6 pages, uploaded by Richter Ju1 16, 2022
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Voynich (7) : The Role of The Queens in The Voynich Manuscript
10 pages, uploaded by Richter Ju1 18, 2022
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Voynich (8) : The Misinterpretation and Reinterpretation of The Voynich Manuscript
12 pages, uploaded by Richter Ju1 19, 2022
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Voynich (9) - The Background of The Voynich-Manuscript
28 pages, uploaded by Richter Ju1 27, 2022
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Voynich (10) - The Text To The Ponds at Page You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. in The Voynich Manuscript
10 pages, uploaded by Richter Aug 3, 2022
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Voynich (11) - Analysis of The Rainbows in The Voynich Manuscript
10 pages, uploaded by Richter Aug 5, 2022
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Voynich (12) : Analysis of The Names For The Nymphs
8 pages, uploaded by Richter Aug 6, 2022
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Voynich (13) - A RISC-Design For The Voynich Alphabet (?)
17 pages, uploaded by Richter Aug 21, 2022
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Voynich (14) - The Heart of The Voynich Manuscript
30 pages, uploaded by Richter Aug 28, 2022
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Voynich (15) - The Role of Repetitions in The Voynich Manuscript
13 pages, uploaded by Richter Sep 7, 2022
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Voynich (16) - Another Approach To The Voynich Manuscript
18 pages, uploaded by Richter Apr 8, 2023 (also on Academia)
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Voynich (17) - The Voynich Manuscript As A Manual For The Habsburgs
17 pages, uploaded by Richter Apr 27, 2023 (also on Academia)
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| Book: Solenoid by Mircea Cărtărescu |
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Posted by: merrimacga - 18-01-2024, 09:40 AM - Forum: Fiction, Comics, Films & Videos, Games & other Media
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Solenoid is a 2015 novel by Mircea Cărtărescu. The English translation by Sean Cotter was published in 2022. It was named one of the best books of 2022 by the New Yorker, Publishers Weekly, The Financial Times, and Words Without Borders. And it is currently a nominee on the 2024 Longlist for the Dublin Literary Award.
Based on the author's own experience as a high school teacher, the book tells the story of a Romanian teacher who was once an aspiring author. It begins with the mundane details of the teacher's life leading into a philosophical account of life, history, philosophy, and mathematics. Part autobiography, part history and part fiction, the book covers real issues faced in the late 1970s and early 1980s in Communist Romania while escaping existence by exploring life and art in alternate universes, dimensions and timelines. The title comes from the massive, subterranean electromagnetic coils (solenoids) the teacher discovers at his home and around his city, each of which allows him to experience an altered existence. Historical figures such as Nikola Tesla and Charles Hinton make appearances as does the Voynich Manuscript.
The Dublin Literary Award, established in 1994 and first awarded in 1996, is presented each year for a novel written or translated into English. It promotes excellence in world literature and is solely sponsored by Dublin City Council in Ireland. The prize is €100,000 and if the winning book is a translation, the prize is divided between the author (€75,000) and the translator (€25,000). Nominations are submitted by public libraries worldwide and a rotating international panel of judges narrows the selection down first to a longlist in October or November then down to a shortlist of up to ten titles announced in March or April the following year with the winner usually announced in June. To be eligible, a work must be published two years prior to the award. Translations are eligible if the work was first published in its original language between two and six years prior to the translation.
For 2024, the longlist, which was only just announced this week, includes 70 books nominated by 80 libraries in 35 countries. Of the 70 nominated, 31 are translations, including Solenoid. The shortlist will be announced the 26th of March. The winner will be announced the 23rd of May.
Solenoid on You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. and reviewed in the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view..
Dublin Literary Award on You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., on the You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view., and You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view..
2024 Longlist (in brief) and Judges: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
Full 2024 Longlist: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
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| A reconstituted text |
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Posted by: R. Sale - 10-01-2024, 08:41 PM - Forum: Analysis of the text
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Much linguistic investigation is involved with methodology. Much less with the choice of the text to be investigated. One potential solution intended to defy general investigation is to construct and distribute a hidden text. Progress toward a solution then requires the recognition and reconstruction of the hidden text. In the VMs the hidden segments of text are denoted and recognized by the use of Stolfi's markers - patterned boxes in circular text segments.
The reconstituted text includes the outer marked band of White Aries, the inner marked band of White Aries, the marked band of Cancer, the outer band of the VMs cosmos, the two marked halves of the central rosette, and others.
Analysis depends as much on the subject as it does on the method. The markers are a system intentionally built into the VMs.
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| Blog fully revised with new material. |
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Posted by: Hermes777 - 09-01-2024, 07:33 PM - Forum: News
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After laying idle and unloved for some time, my Voynich pages have now been fully revised. The blog title has changed - but not the URL. Lots of new material and further developments of my line of research. I hope to offer a different approach and fresh perspectives. Daily posts at the moment.
Lingua Nympharum: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view..
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| Separable "words" |
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Posted by: dfs346 - 08-01-2024, 09:41 AM - Forum: Analysis of the text
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At the Voynich 2022 conference, Massimilano Zattera presented an intriguing paper with the title “A New Transliteration Alphabet Brings New Evidence of Word Structure and Multiple "Languages" in the Voynich Manuscript”.
Zattera’s main objective, as I understood it, was to demonstrate that most of the “words” in the Voynich manuscript conformed to what he called the “slot alphabet”. This alphabet was based on the following concepts: - twelve “slots”, which Zattera numbered 0 to 11;
- twenty-six distinct glyphs, based on the EVA transliteration (Zattera ignored the profuse variations and “rare glyphs” that occur in the v101 transliteration);
- the allocation of each glyph to one or more slots
- a rule that in most cases, a given glyph could occupy only one slot; in a few cases it could be in either of two slots; and in one case (EVA-d or v101-8) it could be in any of three slots.
Zattera’s principal thesis was that in a Voynich “word”, each glyph could only be preceded by a glyph in a lower “slot”, and could only be followed by a glyph in a higher “slot”. He demonstrated that this was the case in 86.6 percent of all the “words” in the manuscript.
In this post, my interest is in what Zattera called “separable words”. By this he meant “words” which could be divided into two parts, each of which was a Voynich “word”. In his paper, he stated that “separable words” accounted for 10.4% of the text, and for 37.1% of the vocabulary.
For example, the v101 “word” {2coehcc89} (which occurs only once) can be separated into two parts: {2coe} which occurs 50 times as a “word”, and {hcc89} with 18 occurrences as a “word”. This is not the only way to separate the “word”: {2co} occurs 26 times and {ehcc89} occurs 14 times. In such cases we might conjecture that there is a word break, but it is not a space; it is invisible, or implied (as in "battlefield" or any other compound word in English).
Zattera did not provide a list of the separable words that he had identified. But we can have a shot at doing so.
I approached this task with several basic assumptions, as follows:- that, rather than use the v101 transliteration with its many variations, I should use my own v211 transliteration, which aggregates several v101 glyphs that seem to be similar, such as {1} and {2}, and also disaggregates some v101 glyphs that seem to be glyph strings, such as {m} and {n};
- that I should regard certain glyphs as having different meanings (or mappings) in the initial, interior, final and isolated positions; in other words, for example, an initial v101 {9} was not the same as a final v101 {9};
- that the most probable building blocks of Zattera’s “separable words” were the most frequent “words”, that is, glyph strings delimited by spaces or by line breaks;
- that, rather than use the whole Voynich manuscript with its (probable) multiple languages, I should work with a single thematic section that seemed to have an homogenous language.
To this end, I selected the “herbal” section as defined by René Zandbergen. This section is visually identifiable by the full-page drawings of plants. I take no position on whether the text is related to the drawings; however, the text appears to have a uniform vocabulary which is different from that in other parts of the manuscript.
In the v211 transliteration, the "herbal" section has 12,679 “words” with an average “word” length of 3.69 glyphs. The vocabulary consists of 3,213 distinct “words”. The ten most common “words”, plus the isolated {s} which may or may not be a “word”, are as follows:
Here, it seemed noteworthy that the text did not have a brilliant fit with Zipf’s Law. The correlation with the expected Zipf sequence (for a natural language) was just 81.9 percent.
The first step in the process was to take the v211 transliteration in Microsoft Word, and using the “find-and-replace” function, replace each of the top ten “words” with the same string preceded and followed by a space. It seemed advisable to leave v101-s {s} alone, since it was already an isolated (single-glyph) “word”. This step converted all occurrences of the selected strings to “words”. For example, any occurrence of {8am}, even when interior to a glyph string, became the “word” {8am}. This step produced a new transliteration, with a smaller vocabulary.
The second step was to make alternative conversions of frequent glyph strings to “words”, as follows:- the top ten “words”, including the isolated {s}
- the top twenty “words”, excluding isolated glyphs {s}, {9} and {y}
- the top thirty “words”, excluding isolated glyphs {s}, {9} and {y}.
The results of the first and second steps are shown below.
Of these tests, the one which gave the best fit with Zipf’s Law was the first, in which the top ten “words”, whether occurring as strings or “words”, but excluding the isolated {s} were converted to “words”. Here the correlation with the Zipf sequence was 98.8 percent.
Thus, it appears that by converting the top ten glyph strings to “words”, but ignoring single-glyph “words”, we can identify a vocabulary which is highly consistent with Zipf’s Law. This conversion made the “herbal” section resemble much more closely a text in a natural language.
The first three lines
We can illustrate the process of word separability by applying it to an extract from the text of the “herbal” section: for example, the first three lines on the first page of the section (f001v). In the v101 transliteration, these lines are as follows:
In the v211 transliteration with word separability, these three lines become as follows:
Vowel recognition
The next step was to identify vowels, using the Sukhotin algorithm as implemented by Dr Mans Hulden’s Python code. In the v101 transliteration, the algorithm identifies the following v101 glyphs as the five most probable vowels, in descending order of probability:
{o},{a},{9},{c},{A}.
The Sukhotin algorithm identifies vowels and consonants by the frequency with which they alternate. In the v211 transliteration with position-dependent glyphs and "word" separability, the "word" breaks have changed; so, not all the glyphs have the same neighbors as before. Therefore, the vowel-glyphs will not necessarily be the same. Applied to the “herbal” section, the five most probable vowels are now identified as follows:
interior o [ô], interior a [â], interior 1 [1], final 9 [⁹], initial o [ó].
In a natural language, especially a medieval European language, we generally expect only five vowels. If so, we may deem that these glyphs in all other positions, and all other glyphs, represent consonants in the presumed precursor languages.
Mapping to precursor languages
The logical next step is to select a chunk of the “herbal” section, or alternatively the top ten “words” of the “herbal” section, and map the glyphs to letters in potential precursor languages, as follows:- vowel-glyphs to vowels in the precursor language, in order of frequency;
- consonant-glyphs to consonants in the precursor language, in order of frequency;
- as for precursor languages, to my mind we have nothing to lose by starting with medieval Italian and medieval Latin.
This step requires a detailed recalculation of glyph frequencies in the word-separated Voynich text: not because the gross frequencies have changed, but because the position-dependent frequencies have changed. For example, within the separated words, some interior glyphs may have become initial or final glyphs. More on this in another post.
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