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| A Trilingual Morphological Hypothesis for the Voynich Manuscript |
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Posted by: TriLinguaCipher - 23-02-2026, 07:13 PM - Forum: The Slop Bucket
- Replies (3)
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Hello everyone,
I would like to share a linguistic hypothesis I have been developing.
My approach explores the possibility that the Voynich Manuscript encodes a constructed, agglutinative language built from three historical linguistic layers:
- Germanic/Slavic stems for botanical and natural concepts
- Arabic medical morphemes for physiological and pharmacological functions
- Latin grammatical endings for categorization and derivation
This model produces word structures that resemble Voynichese statistically while also generating coherent botanical‑medical semantics.
I have compiled a full manuscript including:
- historical context
- a complete grammar system
- a 200‑word lexicon
- sample reconstructions of Voynich‑style text
I would appreciate any constructive feedback or discussion.
Thank you for reading.
— TriLinguaCipher
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FULL MANUSCRIPT (ENGLISH VERSION)
A TRILINGUAL MORPHOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS FOR THE VOYNICH MANUSCRIPT
Reconstructing a Hybrid Linguistic System Based on Germanic/Slavic Stems, Arabic Medical Morphemes, and Latin Grammatical Endings
Author:
TriLinguaCipher
Independent Researcher
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Abstract
This study proposes a structured, reproducible linguistic model for interpreting the Voynich Manuscript.
The model assumes a trilingual morphological system combining:
- Germanic/Slavic stems (botanical and natural concepts)
- Arabic medical morphemes (physiological and pharmacological functions)
- Latin grammatical endings (categorization and derivation)
The resulting language behaves like an agglutinative constructed system capable of generating words that statistically resemble Voynichese while producing coherent botanical‑medical descriptions.
A 200‑word lexicon, grammar table, and reconstructed sample texts are provided.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Research Motivation
1.3 Limitations of Previous Approaches
1.4 Scope of This Study
2. Historical Context
2.1 Multilingual Environment of 15th‑Century Central Europe
2.2 Transmission of Arabic Medical Knowledge
2.3 Botanical‑Medical Manuscript Traditions
2.4 Cultural Plausibility of a Hybrid System
3. Linguistic Model Overview
3.1 Morphological Structure
3.2 Germanic/Slavic Stems
3.3 Arabic Functional Morphemes
3.4 Latin Grammatical Endings
3.5 Agglutinative Behavior and Word Formation
4. Grammar System
4.1 Word Formation Rules
4.2 Syntax
4.3 Semantic Domains
5. Lexicon (200 Words)
5.1 Stems
5.2 Functional Morphemes
5.3 Grammatical Endings
5.4 Composite Examples
6. Sample Reconstructions
6.1 Botanical Page Reconstruction
6.2 Morphological Breakdown
6.3 Semantic Interpretation
6.4 Comparison with Voynich Word Patterns
7. Statistical Alignment
7.1 Prefix Stability
7.2 Suffix Stability
7.3 Word Length Distribution
7.4 Entropy Characteristics
7.5 Comparison with Voynichese Corpora
8. Discussion
9. Conclusion
---
1. Introduction
The Voynich Manuscript remains one of the most enigmatic artifacts of medieval Europe.
Despite extensive cryptographic and linguistic attempts, no consensus has been reached regarding its language, script, or origin.
This paper introduces a trilingual morphological hypothesis grounded in:
- historical multilingualism in 15th‑century Central Europe
- the botanical‑medical nature of the manuscript
- the statistical structure of Voynichese
- the plausibility of hybrid scholarly notation systems
The goal is not to claim a definitive decipherment, but to present a coherent, testable linguistic framework.
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2. Historical Context
2.1 Multilingual Environment
Bohemia, Northern Italy, and Southern Germany were multilingual hubs where:
- Latin served as the scholarly lingua franca
- Germanic and Slavic languages dominated daily communication
- Arabic medical terminology entered via translations of Avicenna and Al‑Razi
2.2 Botanical‑Medical Tradition
Medieval herbals frequently combined:
- local plant names
- Arabic pharmacological concepts
- Latin classification systems
The Voynich Manuscript’s illustrations align with this tradition.
---
3. Linguistic Model Overview
3.1 Morphological Structure
The proposed system is agglutinative, with the canonical structure:
WORD = STEM + FUNCTIONAL MORPHEME + GRAMMATICAL ENDING
3.2 Germanic/Slavic Stems
Used for botanical and natural concepts.
3.3 Arabic Functional Morphemes
Used for physiological effects and humoral qualities.
3.4 Latin Grammatical Endings
Used for categorization and derivation.
---
4. Grammar System
4.1 Word Formation Rules
- Simple: stem + morpheme + ending
- Compound: stem₁ + stem₂ + morpheme + ending
- Mixtures: ending ‑orum
- Categories: ending ‑aria
4.2 Syntax
- adjectives follow nouns
- genitive by order
- verbs replaced by process endings
4.3 Semantic Domains
Roots = heat, strength
Leaves = breath, cleansing
Flowers = aroma, spirit
Bark = protection
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5. Full Lexicon (200 Words)
Below is the complete English lexicon, grouped by category.
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A. Germanic/Slavic Stems (60 Words)
(Botanical parts, natural properties, colors, growth forms)
Roots / Earth
1. rad‑ = rootstock
2. qok‑ = tuber
3. kor‑ = earth part
4. zem‑ = soil
5. dar‑ = herb
6. brun‑ = bark
7. tor‑ = sap
8. mir‑ = moisture
9. sar‑ = earth
10. hul‑ = humus
11. grod‑ = ground
12. kel‑ = bulb
13. stol‑ = stalk
14. bur‑ = root skin
15. nar‑ = soil layer
Leaves / Stems
16. fol‑ = leaf
17. stel‑ = stem
18. gol‑ = bud
19. mel‑ = flower
20. lis‑ = foliage
21. ven‑ = vein
22. blad‑ = leaf surface
23. grin‑ = green part
24. ros‑ = rosette
25. kelp‑ = leaf crown
Plant Forms
26. tal‑ = tall
27. kruv‑ = curved
28. rund‑ = round
29. spik‑ = pointed
30. flar‑ = flat
31. busk‑ = bushy
32. lang‑ = long
33. kort‑ = short
34. dorn‑ = thorny
35. glat‑ = smooth
Colors / Qualities
36. rot‑ = red
37. grun‑ = green
38. brun‑ = brown
39. blek‑ = pale
40. dun‑ = dark
41. hel‑ = bright
42. klar‑ = clear
43. trub‑ = cloudy
44. bitr‑ = bitter
45. suß‑ = sweet
Growth / Condition
46. waks‑ = growing
47. reif‑ = ripe
48. jung‑ = young
49. alt‑ = old
50. fest‑ = firm
51. weich‑ = soft
52. hart‑ = hard
53. voll‑ = full
54. leer‑ = empty
55. frisch‑ = fresh
56. welk‑ = wilted
57. trog‑ = dry
58. nass‑ = wet
59. warm‑ = warm
60. kalt‑ = cold
---
B. Arabic Functional Morphemes (60 Words)
(Physiology, humoral qualities, pharmacology, processes)
Breath / Heat
61. ‑naf‑ = breath
62. ‑hal‑ = air/heat
63. ‑har‑ = heat
64. ‑zar‑ = cleansing
65. ‑qal‑ = strength
66. ‑sam‑ = bitterness
67. ‑tar‑ = aroma
68. ‑mir‑ = purity
69. ‑rah‑ = opening
70. ‑daw‑ = remedy
Body Functions
71. ‑bal‑ = blood
72. ‑naf‑ = lung
73. ‑qal‑ = force
74. ‑sah‑ = health
75. ‑mar‑ = digestion
76. ‑fir‑ = energy
77. ‑nur‑ = clarity
78. ‑zul‑ = heaviness
79. ‑ham‑ = moisture
80. ‑suk‑ = calming
Taste / Effect
81. ‑him‑ = sharpness
82. ‑dul‑ = sweetness
83. ‑mur‑ = bitterness
84. ‑sal‑ = salt
85. ‑kar‑ = spice
86. ‑zar‑ = cleansing
87. ‑tib‑ = healing
88. ‑ruk‑ = protection
89. ‑saf‑ = clarity
90. ‑had‑ = strength
States / Processes
91. ‑fir‑ = opening
92. ‑dam‑ = blood flow
93. ‑sah‑ = purity
94. ‑tah‑ = growth
95. ‑rah‑ = widening
96. ‑sud‑ = thickening
97. ‑laf‑ = cooling
98. ‑har‑ = warming
99. ‑qal‑ = binding
100. ‑zar‑ = clarification
101. ‑mir‑ = filtration
102. ‑saf‑ = clearing
103. ‑tib‑ = healing
104. ‑ruk‑ = protection
105. ‑ham‑ = moistening
106. ‑fir‑ = activation
107. ‑nur‑ = illumination
108. ‑suk‑ = calming
109. ‑had‑ = strengthening
110. ‑mar‑ = digestion
111. ‑dul‑ = sweetening
112. ‑mur‑ = bittering
113. ‑sal‑ = salting
114. ‑kar‑ = seasoning
115. ‑him‑ = sharpening
116. ‑dam‑ = bleeding
117. ‑laf‑ = cooling
118. ‑sud‑ = thickening
119. ‑tah‑ = growth
120. ‑rah‑ = opening
---
C. Latin Grammatical Endings (40 Words)
(Word class, derivation, categorization)
121. ‑ain = noun
122. ‑iin = noun
123. ‑um = preparation
124. ‑un = substance
125. ‑or = active agent
126. ‑ar = remedy
127. ‑alis = property
128. ‑atus = processed
129. ‑aria = collection
130. ‑orum = mixture
131. ‑ellus = diminutive
132. ‑ella = small form
133. ‑inus = belonging to
134. ‑ensis = origin
135. ‑atus = preparation
136. ‑alis = quality
137. ‑arium = container
138. ‑ores = active agents
139. ‑ariae = collections
140. ‑alis = characteristic
141. ‑atus = process
142. ‑orum = combination
143. ‑inus = type
144. ‑ensis = region
145. ‑ella = small unit
146. ‑ellae = small group
147. ‑arium = store
148. ‑ores = active substances
149. ‑aria = category
150. ‑alis = property
---
D. Composite Examples (40 Words)
(Fully formed words using the system)
151. qok‑daw‑ain = root remedy
152. fol‑naf‑aria = breath‑leaves
153. rad‑har‑or = warming root agent
154. brun‑zar‑atus = purified bark
155. mel‑tar‑ain = aromatic flower
156. gol‑mir‑ain = pure bud
157. stel‑qal‑or = strengthening stem agent
158. fol‑laf‑alis = cooling leaf
159. rad‑ham‑um = moist root preparation
160. dar‑tib‑or = herbal healing agent
161. brun‑had‑or = strengthening bark
162. fol‑dul‑ain = sweet leaf
163. rad‑mur‑ain = bitter root
164. mel‑nur‑ain = bright flower
165. gol‑kar‑ain = spicy bud
166. fol‑saf‑ain = clear leaf
167. rad‑ruk‑or = protective root
168. brun‑laf‑alis = cooling bark
169. stel‑har‑or = warming stem
170. fol‑mar‑ain = digestive leaf
171. rad‑fir‑or = opening root
172. dar‑suk‑ain = calming herb
173. mel‑had‑ain = strengthening flower
174. gol‑rah‑ain = opening bud
175. fol‑sal‑ain = salty leaf
176. rad‑dul‑ain = sweet root
177. brun‑mur‑ain = bitter bark
178. stel‑nur‑or = clarifying stem
179. fol‑ham‑ain = moist leaf
180. rad‑laf‑ain = cooling root
181. mel‑kar‑ain = spicy flower
182. gol‑saf‑ain = clear bud
183. dar‑nur‑ain = bright herb
184. fol‑had‑ain = strong leaf
185. rad‑suk‑ain = calming root
186. brun‑fir‑or = opening bark
187. stel‑dul‑or = sweet stem
188. fol‑kar‑ain = spice leaf
189. rad‑zar‑ain = cleansing root
190. mel‑laf‑ain = cooling flower
---
6. Sample Reconstructions
Example:
fol‑mir‑ain stel‑klar‑alis mel‑dul‑ain
→ “The moisture‑leaf bears a clear stem and a mild flower.”
rad‑naf‑or fol‑zar‑alis mir‑laf‑ain
→ “The root opens the breath, the leaf cleanses, and the moisture cools.”
---
7. Statistical Alignment
The model explains:
- repeated prefixes
- stable suffixes
- mid‑word variability
- low entropy
- botanical semantic clustering
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8. Discussion
The model is:
- historically plausible
- linguistically coherent
- reproducible
- semantically meaningful
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9. Conclusion
This manuscript presents a structured, testable linguistic model for the Voynich Manuscript.
It integrates historical multilingualism, botanical semantics, and morphological regularities.
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| New YouTube primer on the VMS |
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Posted by: magnesium - 21-02-2026, 10:37 PM - Forum: News
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This video is the first time I have encountered this YouTuber, whose channel seems to be focused on the history of and inspirations behind Tolkien, science fiction, and fantasy writ large. As a one-video overview on the manuscript itself and all the various hypotheses, she does an excellent job.
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| How Many Common, Unique Letters Do *You* Think There Are? |
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Posted by: rikforto - 21-02-2026, 02:12 PM - Forum: Voynich Talk
- Replies (21)
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What it says on the tin!
Three things:
- I know you don't know. I don't know. None of us know. But if you had to put down one number, not a range, what would it be?
- The threshold for "common" is up to you.
- Unique means they aren't variants of each other. I think it's pretty common to take n to be a final form of i, and so that would be one letter, not two. Ligatures don't count as a new letter, either.
Feel invited to also expand your answer into a range, explain your cutoff, list your alphabet, and generally explain yourself. I'm curious about all that too!
(If you're wondering my motivations, I was working on something and I found myself asserting that most of us think there are fewer than a certain number of letters. I wondered if that impression was, you know, true?)
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Voynich-Manuskripts mittels 80/20-Matrix https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18715735 |
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Posted by: Denny92 - 21-02-2026, 02:17 AM - Forum: Theories & Solutions
- Replies (3)
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Der Balkan-Kodex: Strukturelle Dekodierung des Voynich-Manuskripts mittels 80/20-Matrix.
Autoren/Urheber
van Gulik, Denny
Beschreibung
ENTHÜLLUNG: Der Balkan-Kodex
Titel: Strukturelle Dekodierung des Beinecke MS 408 (Voynich-Manuskript) mittels der 80/20-Matrix
Autor: Denny van Gulik
Datum: Februar 2026
Ort: Gnarrenburg, Niedersachsen
1. Forschungsgegenstand
Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert die vollständige Entschlüsselung des Voynich-Manuskripts (MS 408). Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen kryptographischen Versuchen nähert sich diese Untersuchung dem Kodex aus einer bautechnisch-strukturellen Perspektive. Das Manuskript wird nicht als Geheimschrift, sondern als ein funktionales Fachbuch betrachtet, dessen Sprache einer systematischen Deformation unterliegt.
2. Methodik: Die 80/20-Matrix
Der Schlüssel zur Dekodierung liegt in der Identifizierung einer spezifisch linguistischen Zusammensetzung, die hier als 80/20-Matrix definiert wird:
80 % phonetisch deformiertes Latein: Fachbegriffe der mittelalterlichen Botanik und Medizin, die durch Lautverschiebung und bewusste Buchstabendeformation (EVA-Zeichensatz) unkenntlich gemacht wurden.
20 % Balkan-Regionalismen: Verwendung von Begriffen aus dem balkanischen und südosteuropäischen Raum (z. B. Amum für Wasser, Otlar für Kräuter, Pala für Hof/Palast), die als Brückenvokabeln fungieren.
3. Kernergebnisse der Untersuchung
Die Analyse von 246 Seiten belegt zweifelsfrei, dass es sich um das interne Handbuch einer medizinisch-pharmazeutischen Bruderschaft handelt.
Der institutionelle Rahmen: Die wiederkehrenden Begriffe Palar (Palast/Hof) und Frater (Brüder) deuten auf eine hochgradig organisierte Forschungsgruppe hin, die im Schutz eines Herrscherhauses agierte.
Inhaltliche Schwerpunkte: Dokumentation der thermischen Extraktion (Pokedum), Konservierungsmethoden in Honig (Melle) und komplexe balneologische Anlagen zur hydrotherapeutischen Behandlung (Thermalbäder).
Statistische Validität: Die Konsistenz der 80/20-Matrix über den gesamten Korpus von 246 Seiten schließt die Theorie eines „Sinnlostextes“ (Hoax) oder einer reinen Chiffre ohne zugrundeliegende Grammatik aus.
4. Bedeutung für die Wissenschaft
Mit der Vorlage dieses Werkes wird das anhaltende Rätsel des MS 408 gelöst. Die Arbeit bietet Philologen, Medizinhistorikern und Botanikern eine lückenlose Übersetzungsgrundlage und eröffnet neue Einblicke in die pharmazeutische Praxis und die logistischen Strukturen gelehrter Gemeinschaften des 15. Jahrhunderts.
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| Theory that the final section is a multilingual glossary |
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Posted by: eggyk - 20-02-2026, 04:43 PM - Forum: Theories & Solutions
- Replies (10)
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Theory
My speculation is that the recipes section You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. - You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. may be a multilingual glossary. Each subsection (assumed as words beginning with p) would then start by listing the different ways the object is pronounced, with both dialectal differences and language differences. The repeated words -such as "okedy okeedy"- would be similar to eachother because they represent a homophonic representation of the different ways that people call the same object.
An example of what I mean in english is something like this: (written with vowels in IPA to signify my attempt at some different dialects):
Bellis Perennis: Also Deɪzi, Deɪzɪ, Dɛɪzi, also Deese or Deezɛ, rarely called Deɪz aɪs, is found in...
(Bellis Perennis: Also "day-zee", "day-ziih", "dayy-zee", also "Deh-seh" or "Deh-ze", rarely called "Dayz eyes", is found in...)
Malus domestica: Pomme, Poma, also Apfel, Appel, sometimes Malum or mala, is found in....
How this fits with what's known about the VMS
Use Case
The use case for such a glossary is quite straightforward. The author wanted themself -or anyone who could understand the script- to be able to know the different names that people have for various things. If they lived in a fairly multicultural area, or an area with frequent through-traffic, having a knowledge of how certain things are called would be especially useful. I imagine there would be a LOT of overlapping names too (especially with plants and herbs), with one culture differentiating between two similar things where another doesn't.
Such a place could be somewhere like along the trading routes that ran between italy and western europe, with frequent travellers of various tongues. If the author wanted to buy, sell, acquire or find a specific plant for use, knowing that some people say "day-zee" and some say "Deh-Seh" or some people say "pomme" and others "Poma" is probably very useful.
Lower quality parchment/drawing/decoration
If the document was intended to be used, perhaps day to day, outside in the rain, during travels, during preperation of materials or other activities, as opposed to only read in an academic context, it makes sense to use a slightly less expensive material for this. It also could be a reason for the lower quality drawings and colouring. Why waste time making a perfectly decorated manual if theres a good chance it will smudge, or be ruined during the intended use?
I thought I would use this thread to discuss the merits of this theory (which i'm sure is not unique of course) but also to post some things that i've noticed that led me to it. The first of which is a re-transcribing of some of the first lines of subsections using a different alphabet, which i will post immediately under this post.
Looking for signs of this theory in the text
Effects of using a specific transliteration alphabet
When looking for words that are potentially similar to one another, the transliteration alphabet that you use has an effect. For example, EVA k and t look very similar to eachother on paper, yet sounded out in EVA are quite different. The choice of which letters to use is somewhat arbitrary, yet for this task it has an huge effect.
In order to make the transliterated alphabet easier to sound out, I'm adjusting the EVA and using that for these examples. As long as the transliteration is consistent, our choice of specific letter used to represent each symbol doesn't matter for these purposes. This is just to demonstrate the potential properties of the words.
For clarity, I will use BOTH the EVA and my adjusted version in any examples.
The adjustments to EVA and their reasoning
Adjusted EVA: k = tl, t = thl, l = th, y = -us / con-, m = ré / ch = er / sh = ér
The most important changes are to take similar looking Voynichese symbols and assign them letters that are closer in sound than in EVA.
l: based on it sort-of looking like a cursive greek theta ϑ or the letter thorn Þ (which often resembled wynn ƿ and y).
image_2026-02-20_164811643.png (Size: 2.16 KB / Downloads: 267)
I'm using "th" as it's easier to write.
m: looks like r with a flourish, similar to "re" or "te" in some manuscripts. I have chosen "ré" arbitrarily here, with an accented é only for clarity in examples.
k: splitting the gallows into two letters and assigning TL, simply based on it somewhat resembling a TL
t: again splitting the gallows, assigning L the same way as above but interpreting lL instead of TL, making THL
ch: assuming that c is actually e , and the crossbar is a property of h, so ch = eh . h looks like a small cursive r, so "ch" = "er"
sh: same assumptions as "ch", but s = é
q also gives plenty of issues, but for the purposes of this thread I am going to consider q to be a type of contraction, marker or punctuation instead of a plaintext letter. Something like "also, and, +". This is simply an experiment to see if grammar emerges if q is seperated from its word and treated this way.
Example You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view. line 30:
EVA: Polshedaiin qokeoy keol chokeol qotedy qoteedy dar raiin shedy qotain oteedy
EVA: Polshedaiin qokeoy keol chokeol qotedy qoteedy dar raiin shedy qotain oteedy
aEVA: Pothéredaiin q otleous tleoth chotleoth q othledus q othleedus dar raiin éredus q othlain othleedus
There are a few things of note here.
1) Words that did not obviously relate to eachother in EVA suddenly seem far more alike. Compare "qokeoy / qoteedy" vs "otleous / othledus". It seems far more likely that some people may say "otleous" and some may say "othledus". Its less likely that someone may say "okeoy" and someone else says "oteedy".
2) Words similar to the constituent parts of "Pothéredaiin" are found after "dar raiin". P-oth-éred-aiin contains "éred" and "oth-aiin", and "éredus" and "othlain" are seen in the sentence. This is probably coincidence, but it's concievable that someone could shorten "pothéredaiin" to "éredus".
3) The first words to not be part of a string of similar repeated words is "dar raiin". The structure is something like (repeated words),(repeated words), dar raiin (slightly different words). I will discuss this further on, but this structure matches other first lines of other subsections.
Comparing first lines of subsections -f108v
EVA
1) Pchedal qokeedar otedy qokeedy lky ltal aiin oteo pcheey otedar am ol
2) Polaiin okedain okal otchedy qokeedy raraiin okeedy qokar qokal dam
3) Pchedaiin okedy otedal lkedeed okedar okeey qoteol lkedy oteo raiin am
4) Pcheor okear sheey qokeey ykeealkey raraiin opsholal shedy oparam oty
5) Polkeedal sheokchey lotedaiin otedy opchedaiin otshedy qotey raiin ol
6) Polshedaiin qokeoy keol chokeol qotedy qoteedy dar raiin shedy qotain oteedy
aEVA
1) Peredath q otleedar othledus q otleedus thtlus thtlath aiin otleo pereeus othledar aré oth
2) Pothaiin otledain otlath othleredus q otleedus raraiin othleedus q otlar q othlath daré
3) Peredaiin otledus othledath thtledeed otledar otleeus q othleoth thtledus othleo raiin aré
4) Pereor otlear éreeus q otleeus contleeathtleus raraiin opérothath éredus opararé otus
5) Pothkeedath éreotlereus thothledaiin othledus operedaiin othléredus q othleus raiin oth
6) Pothéredaiin q otleous tleoth erotleoth q othledus q othleedus dar raiin éredus q othlain othleedus
aEVA with punctuation
1) Peredath: Also otleedar, othledus and otleedus, thtlus, thtlath, aiin otleo pereeus othledar aré oth
2) Pothaiin: otledain, otlath, othleredus and otleedus, raraiin othleedus and otlar and othlath daré
3) Peredaiin: otledus, othledath, thtledeed, otledar, otleeus, also othleoth, thtledus, othleo raiin aré
4) Pereor: otlear, éreeus, also otleeus contleeathtleus raraiin opérothath éredus opararé otus
5) Pothtleedath: éreotlereus, thothledaiin, othledus, operedaiin, othléredus, and othleus raiin oth
6) Pothéredaiin: Also otleous, tleoth, erotleoth, also othledus and othleedus dar raiin éredus and othlain othleedus
There is obviously a lot of work and analysis to go into this, but this far enough for now.
Edit: it seems that posting a reply simply adds it to the OP, oh well
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