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Comparisons with Mexican Illustrations

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• Comparisons with Mexican Illustrations

• Comparisons with Mexican Illustrations

  SiestaGuru > 25-05-2025, 10:45 AM

  Hi, I found some noteworthy similarities in some older Mexican works with the VM. I hadn't seen these discussed before and so and wanted to share. All the mentioned codices are written after the supposed VM origin time, so the VM can not have used them as inspiration.
   
  
  These two images are from Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, supposedly written from somewhere between 1547 and 1560 on European paper.
  
     
  
  The caverns in Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca are the Chicomoztoc, a mythical origin place for the Nahuatl people. The shape of the inner structure and the way the border of it is drawn in my opinion strongly resemble the structure on the VM rosetta. The fact that it is in a circle and that the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca drawing also contains this structure on top with intertwined half circle doodles, just like we often see in the VM further, as well as the plants on the outside add to my suspicion these could be related somehow.
  Note that it's unlikely that this describes the exact same object, since Chicomoztoc is very specifically 7 caves, and the VM illustration has more 'cavities'
  
  Another similarity I found in Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca is the following, again with a VM image on the rosetta:
  
     
  
  What struck me here is that both objects have 'grass'  growing out of them, and that the VM just like the Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca example may have two 'pipes' coming out of it on the right hand side
  
  You can find a scan of Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca here: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
  It's quite the interesting book to go through, it's visually just as interesting as the VM in my opinion, but since we already know the language it probably doesn't get as much attention
  
  
  Another interesting thing to look at are the books of Chilam Balam (17th and 18th century). Scans can be found here: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
  This book contains some astronomical diagrams which in my opinion resemble the VM in a few ways:
  
                     
  
  For comparison, here's the VM images of sun, moon and these 'little circle guys' you see both in the VM and in the books of Chilam Balam
  
     
  
  Chilam Balam also contains a zodiac. I don't think it's an amazing correlation with the VM zodiac, but it's the worst either. It's at least a sign that the same subject material was considered here
  
     
  
  Another book is 16th century codex tudela, scans here: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.
  
  This book contains some hebral drawings, some really cool but clearly unrelated aztec drawings and what particularly struck me,though I may be overimagining things some very similar folio numbers. I also noted some similarities in the script with the VM, particularly that a couple of words appear to start with something that looks very similar to the common VM word prefix: "4o". A couple of the characters also vaguely resemble the gallows characters we see in the VM.
  
     
  
  Finally, in codice dehesa from the 16th/17th century (scans: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.), which apparently also discusses Chicomoztoc, I noticed a few characters that resemble a sloppy version of the overexaggerated gallow characters you sometimes see in the VM at the start of a page:
  
     
  
  Brief analysis
  
  I won't say that any of these are slam dunk evidence for a new world origin hypothesis. There's quite a few counterarguments against it like the carbon dating, medieval european style, material properties, etc. You also clearly do not see what you see in most Mexican codices: displays of humans/gods in elaborate and distinctive mesoamerican style clothes and accessories and in general a Mexican style is missing in the VM.
  
  But I do think there's a few signs in here that there may have been some shared culture between the VM and some of these Mexican codices which I cannot easily explain through the columbian exchange. Particularly, it seems unlikely that Europeans came up with Chicomoztoc or inspired Mexicans to draw it in this particular way, while the style and contents of drawings on the Rosetta appear unique within Europe and do not seem to have had much impact.
  
  Beyond the visual similarities between some of the images and some of the script and the general sense of unfamiliarity, I think it's also particularly noteworthy that the contents of some of these Mexican works has a similar sort of feeling to the VM of being partially scientific and partially religious/occult without containing the more familiar western religious/occult symbols. Belief in a sun god was widespread in mesoamerica and it would not surprise me if the VM astronomical diagrams in the VM have some religious sun god connotations

• RE: Comparisons with Mexican Illustrations

  Rafal > 25-05-2025, 12:00 PM

  Thanks for sharing these Mexican codices.
  
  They are quite interesting. The art style is Mexican/Aztec (with some Spanish influences) and the language is local but the content and concepts are European, like Zodiac or celestial spheres.
  
  So I wouldn't be very surprised about some similarities between VM and these codices. After all, they all stem from the same tradition.

• RE: Comparisons with Mexican Illustrations

  SiestaGuru > 25-05-2025, 04:14 PM

  Yes, many concepts are European in these codices and it is no surprise to see them after the Columbian exchange. But not everything here is European. Many Mexican codices like Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca discuss Mexican history and religion.
  
  Where it gets interesting is not where Mexican codices show European elements that are in the VM, it's where they show things that appear similar to the VM while that thing is not common in European works. I believe the first example in Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca is a case of that, and possibly some of the script similarities fit too. If a cultural element is not commonly used in Europe, why would it reappear in the new world? It would not seem natural that the Spanish would have introduced it if it was unfamilliar to them too, they probably did not go around to show the Voynich manuscript to locals.
  
  So is it a stylistic coincidence? Were the ideas brought there by the same niche group that was involved in the VM? If so, who? Was this stylistic concept common in Europe after all? Could the cultural impact have gone in the opposite direction? Was a Mexican person was somehow involved in the construction of the VM?
  
  These caves and this particular visual representation seem to have appeared more often. This Mexican map (Mapa de Cuauhtinchan N° 2) has the same cave structure as in Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca (And possibly the same as in the VM) on the top left, while the idea of such a large foldable non-geographic map reminds you of the Voynich Rosetta. Perhaps the Rosetta is also more of a historic or spritual journey rather than a map of a place?
  
  

• RE: Comparisons with Mexican Illustrations

  SiestaGuru > 25-05-2025, 04:24 PM

  If anyone is interested, I've gathered quite a lengthy list of works from the new world, most from Mexico. Most of these are very unlikely to be relevant to research on the Voynich manuscript, but quite a few of these will be interesting to curious people for the different world they show
  
  Some of the manuscripts in this list do have some script similarities with the VM, particularly he "tl" sign looks quite a lt like a galows character. However it seems fairly clear to me that the VM is not just plainly written Nahuatl, it's still way too different for that.
  
  You'll have to forgive me that the list below is unorganized and probably contains some dead links
  
  

  Code:

  Codex Borbonicus
http://www.famsi.org/research/loubat/Borbonicus/thumbs0.html

Codex Borgia
https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Borg.mess.1

Ixil, Libro de Chilam Balam de 
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=33

Códice Dehesa. 
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=15
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177_14.pdf

Mapa de Cuauhtinchan N° 2
http://mesoamerica.info/assets/images/mc2-introduccion.jpg

Codex Laud
https://archive.org/details/Ancient-Books-All-Rare-Collections_Of_CODICES/Codex%20Laud/mode/2up?view=theater

Códice Chavero de Huexotzingo
https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667609/

Martín de la Cruz (Badiano)  - Herbal
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=12
Many plant/herbal drawings, interesting to compare to VM

Códice Chimalpahin y obras históricas de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=61
 
Huexotzingo, Códice Tovar de
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=31

Pintura del gobernador, alcaldes y regidores de México
https://archive.org/details/gri_33125010926489/page/n17/mode/2up

Codex Tudela 
http://ceres.mcu.es/pages/Viewer?accion=4&AMuseo=MAM&Ninv=70400

Codex Mexicanus
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55005834g/f3.item.r=Codex%20Mexicanus

Codex Mendoza / Mendocino
https://codicemendoza.inah.gob.mx/index.php?lang=spanish

Codex Huetamo
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/codice-huetamo

Codex Duran
http://www.palatinopress.com/the-art-of-the-duran-codex.html
 
Codex Ixtlilxochitl
http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/ixtlilxochitl/index.html 
 
Códice del Marquesado del Valle
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/codices-marquesado-valle/co_0305210fmr/fo_01

Matricula de Huexotzingo/Mexicain 387
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7200005f/f16.item.r=huexotzingo.langEN

Codex Sierra-Texupan
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/codice-sierra-texupan/co_01/2/fo_sierra

Codex Vaticanus 3738 A/Rios
https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.3738

Chilam balam of chumayel
https://archive.org/details/bookofchilambala05hofluoft/bookofchilambala05hofluoft/page/68/mode/2up

Aubin Codex
https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/3924025#view

Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84559448/f6.item

Codex Osuna
https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=313659

Codex Bodley
https://iiif.biblissima.fr/collections/manifest/426e65a7ad6465b82307c4c30333687fae0b30c2

Codex Colombino
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=11

Selden Roll
https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/75a8f3db-69d3-4bef-bfc5-c61a55562114/

Codex Telleriano-Remensis
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8458267s.r=Telleriano?rk=21459;2

Codex Boturini /Tira de la Peregrinación
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=6

Codex Xolotl
https://archive.org/details/codex-xolotl/001-010_02.jpg

Matrícula de Tributos
https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667610/

Mapa de Santa Cruz,
https://www.library.fordham.edu/digital/item/collection/artHistoryDB/id/5438

Azoyu
https://www.library.fordham.edu/digital/item/collection/artHistoryDB/id/4358

Codex Cospi
http://www.famsi.org/research/loubat/Cospi/thumbs0.html

Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
http://www.famsi.org/research/loubat/Fejervary/thumbs0.html
 
Codex Vaticanus 3773 B
https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.3773

Codex en Cruz,
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=015-017
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=088_5
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=090_2

Codex Mexicano
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=083
Codex Magliabechiano CL. XIII.3
http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/magliabechiano/index.html

Chavero, Códice
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=7

Códice de Cholula
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=8

Mapa de Coatlinchan
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/img/reel/9_MAPA_DE_COATLINCHAN/IMG1.jpg

Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
https://www.wdl.org/en/item/106/

Historia de Mexico [with] the Tovar calendar,
https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2008kislak81897/?sp=3

anales de tula
http://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/islandora_74/islandora/object/codice%3A664

Barrios de Chalco https://tlachia.iib.unam.mx/archivos/barrios-de-chalco/imagenes/030_093v.jpg https://tlachia.iib.unam.mx/archivos/barrios-de-chalco/imagenes/030_093r.jpg

Codex of Mexican History from 1221 to 1594
https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668121/

Boban calendar wheel
https://archive.org/details/bobancalendarwhe00boba/page/n1/mode/2up

Codex Azcatitlan
https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668122/

códice Amecameca
https://www.noticonquista.unam.mx/imagen-popup/1806

Códice Ayotzingo
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/laminas.php?id=084&ord_lamina=084_06&act=con

Codex Becker 1
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5038501/f22.item

Codex Becker I-II:
http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/becker/thumbs_0.html

Codex Baranda
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177_12.pdf
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177_13.pdf

Códice Colombiano
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177.html

Códice Porfirio Díaz
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177.html

Relieves de Chiapas Existentes en el Museo Nacional de México.
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177.html


Lienzo de Tlaxcalla publicado por Alfredo Chavedo México 1892.
http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080026177/1080026177.html

Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, No.3
https://codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=13

Amate, Plano en papel
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=1

Lienzo de Zacatepec
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=59

Azoyú, Códice de, No. 1
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=3

Azoyú, Códice de, No. 2 (1ra parte)
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=4

Tonalamatl de Aubin
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=2

Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=10

Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, No.3
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=13

Cuauhtinchan, Mapa de, No.4
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=14

Gómez Orozco, Catecismo
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=24https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=24

CÓDICE HUAMANTLA
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=25

CÓDICE DE TRIBUTOS DE MIZQUIAHUALA
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=35

Códice de Mixteco Post-Cortesiano No. 36
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=37

Genealogía de Zolín
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=60

Nahuatzen, Lienzo de
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=39

Moctezuma, Códice
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=38

Libro de Oraciones
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=40

Porfirio Díaz, Códice
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=42

Còdice de los Señores de San Lorenzo Axotlàn y San Luis Huexotla
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=43

Sigüenza, Mapa de
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=44

Tepecticpac, Tlaxcala, genealogía de una familia de
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=46

Tlamapa, Códice de Tributos de Santa Cruz
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=48
some different number styles

Lienzo de Tlapa
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=49

Genealogía de los Señores de Etla
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=16

Códice García Granados
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=23

Iztapalapa, Códice de
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=34

Tlaxcala, Lienzo de No.2
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=51

CÓDICE HUICHAPAN
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=32
https://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/repositorio/islandora/object/codice%3A1136#page/1/mode/2up

Plano Parcial de la Ciudad de México
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=41

Techialoyan, Códice de San Antonio
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=45

Tlaxcala, Lienzo de No.1
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=50

Tlaxcala, Lienzo de No.3
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=52

Tlaxcala, Lienzo de No.4
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=53

Veytia, Calendario Mexicano (Variante de) No. 7
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=56
nice calendars, may be useful

Veytia, Calendario Mexicano de, No. 5
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=57


Codex Cozcatzin
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=089_5
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=045_b
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=041-045
 
Codex Egerton 2895
https://archive.org/details/Ancient-Books-All-Rare-Collections_Of_CODICES/Codex%20Egerton%202895/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater
 
Codice de Jilotepec
https://ceape.edomex.gob.mx/sites/ceape.edomex.gob.mx/files/C%C3%B3dice%20de%20Jilotepec.pdf

Codex Quetzalecatzin
https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4701g.ct009133?r=-0.764,-0.149,2.527,1.606,0

Codice de Quiotepec y Cuicatlan
https://mediateca.inah.gob.mx/repositorio/islandora/object/codice%3A637

Codex Rickards (partial blueprint of the Lienzo de Tlapiltepec)
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am2006-Drg-284

Codex Sánchez Solís- Codex Egerton 2895:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am1962-03-8

Codex of Temascaltepec
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=111

Codex Tetlapalco/Codex Saville
https://www.si.edu/object/NMAI_147424

Codex Totomixtlahuaca
https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2701/view/1/1/

Codex Tulane
https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A19289

Codex Vergara
https://www.wdl.org/en/item/15278/#additional_subjects=Aztecs&page=2

Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus 1 (Vienna
http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/vindobonensis/thumbs_0.html

Codex Yanhuitlan
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/codice-yanhuitlan

Codex Xolotl
http://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=001-010

Codex Zouche-Nuttall
http://www.famsi.org/research/graz/zouche_nuttall/thumbs_0.html

Confirmación de las elecciones de Calpan
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=073

Doctrina Cristiana- Egerton 2898
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am1962-03-7 

Economic Census of Tepoztlan:
https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A19307/datastream/PDF/view

Fonds Mexicains 20 (Aubin 20)
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/laminas.php?id=020&ord_lamina=020_1&act=con

Genealogía circular de los descendientes de Nezahualcóyotl
http://bdmx.mx/documento/genealogia-circular

Genealogía de Huitznahuac calpulli:
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198292658

Genealogía de la familia Cano
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=388

Genealogia de los Principes Mexicanos/Pedro Dionisio
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/zoom.php?ri=codices/072/laminas/072_1.jpg

Gomez de Cervantes' Memorial and the Anonymous Pictorial Manuscript
https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=01613657356

Historia Mexicana 1194 - 1221
http://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=089_1

Huyxoapan, San Pablo- Azcapotzalco Maguey Manuscript
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am2006-Drg-2207

Huexotzinco Codex
https://www.loc.gov/item/mss47662-2657/

Ordinances from Señor Cuauhtemoc
https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A19309

Papers of Itzcuintepec- Egerton 2896
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am2006-Drg-2896

Papers of Itzcuintepec- Egerton 2897
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am2006-Drg-2897

Códice Itzcuintepec I-V
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1222278482
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198288431
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198288557
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198289255
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198289408
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198289578


Pintura de los indios de Nueva España 1543/Pintura del pleito entre Tepexpan y Temaxcalapa
http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/show/21645

Pintura de los indios de Nueva España 1545/Proceso contra Andrés Tapia por malos tratamientos a los indios de Tepeucila
http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/show/21646

Techialoyan de Cuajimalpa
https://artsandculture.google.com/story/techialoyan-de-cuajimalpa-codice/FwJipJMc2P3pJg

Proclama por la liberación de la Nueva España de la sujeción a la Corona de Castilla y sublevación de sus naturales
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/liberacion-nueva-espana/co_folio45a/fo_proclama

Techialoyan de Huyxoapan
https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198290360

Techialoyan de Santiago Atenco Chalco:
http://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codice.php?id=1198290173

Tira de Tepechpan
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/codice.php?id=013-014

Tira de tributos de Mizquiahuala/Tribute list for Mizquiahuala
https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A19310

Tributes of Tzintzuntzan and Tlalpujava
https://lib-dbserver.princeton.edu/mssimages/Garrett%20Mesoamerican/garrettmeso7.jpg

Tributos de Tlaxincan Tlaylotlacan y otros barrios:
https://tlachia.iib.unam.mx/archivos/tlaxincan-tlaylotlacan-tecpanpa/imagenes/O28.jpg

Valadés calendar wheel:
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/zoom.php?ri=codices/089_7/laminas/089_7_1.jpg

Veytia calendar wheels
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/zoom.php?ri=codices/089_2/laminas/089_2_1.jpg
https://www.amoxcalli.org.mx/zoom.php?ri=codices/092/laminas/092_1.jpg

Veytia calendar wheel No. 5 de Veytia:
https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/images-6/695_02_2.jpg

A bunch more maps at https://www.smokingmirror.org/Central_Mexican_resources/ant356_links.html
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/mapas-indigenas-novohispanos-agn/fo_01
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/mapa-relacion-geografica-itztapalapa
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/mapa-relacion-geografica-mixquiahuala

Text only:
https://archive.org/details/dogmasofchurchde00unkn/page/n83/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/colloquioynqueni00sant/page/n7/mode/2up
https://www.codices.inah.gob.mx/pc/contenido.php?id=47
http://bdmx.mx/documento/galeria/romances-senores-nueva-espana
https://enl.uoregon.edu/bc31/elements/bc31a/000
https://enl.uoregon.edu/bc04/elements/bc04a/000
http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/folleto/USAC/digi/USAC_897,4_R116rab.pdf
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