I would add that for me, the question of "made to fool others or not" is irrelevant. In a medieval context, there would be no perceivable difference between a meaningless text the maker actually believed in or one intended to deceive.
Take the trade in relics as an example. Does it matter if the seller actually believed they had a piece of the cross on their hands? The scientific analysis of the object should be the same regardless.
Take the trade in relics as an example. Does it matter if the seller actually believed they had a piece of the cross on their hands? The scientific analysis of the object should be the same regardless.
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