[note: I think I can include all I planned to send in this post]
In my view, the author of the Voynich manuscript was Margaret, Countess of Tyrol (Tirol) (1318-1369), named after parts of a favorite castle Casanova Castle (among others she used) she frequented that was called Maultasch (see You are not allowed to view links.
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Login to view.) (the castle is said to have included swallowtail battlements, but lost over time [“The large complex consists of fortresses and ring walls with swallow-tailed battlements”]. But other castles she used even now display such swallow battlement features, such as the Runklestein Castle.
The name “Maultasch” became used in subsequent centuries as a derogatory term, however, since it means “pocket (or large) mouth.” I am certain the latter was just used to slander her and her legacy. She was, unfairly, the inspiration behind the so-called “ugly duchess” of whom even more slanderous images were made, some intentionally, some by indirect association (like a piece of art by Leonardo Davinci).
My purpose here is not to go into the details of her life more than even a long post allows. You can learn more about her online, both factual and the legends associated with her, some true, others not, many slanderous. But, historians have over time came to appreciate the true story of her life.
She was born in 1318 in the province of Bolzano (South Tyrol, now in Italy, but became a part of Habsburg Empire following her abdication in 1363). She died in Vienna, in retirement in 1369. From what I have read, she had an older sister who became terminally ill and unable to succeed as heir to their parents, so Margaret became her father’s de facto heir when she was very young.
At 12 she was arrange-married to a four-years younger John Henry of Luxemburg, and she hated it (he too, it seems), and more than being a personal matter, she felt the marriage was a political ploy to usurp her inherited rights. After her father died in 1335, she defended Tyrol, and ended up even expelling her first husband from her castle after he had gone hunting, accusing him of having been made impotent through magic or witchcraft, unable to enable her to conceive a child. But, the stories of who used magic or not have been told in reverse.
At that time, accusations of magic could be used for annulling marriage legally. And whatever the beliefs we have now, or they had then, even the church believed in such factors could have actual results and for that reason they were banned. Therefore, it would not be surprising that Margaret did her best to learn about botanical and magical and astrological sciences, believing that she also had a spiritual right and legacy to cultivate and defend. In her court fights, which basically ushered one of the first instances of secular rights to terminate a marriage for women, she had even the support of William Okham, a Franciscan English frier, scholar and philosopher who had taken refuge in her region at the time. He supported her right to annul her marriage due to the charge of impotence on the part of John Henry.
She ended up, even without and before the first marriage being annulled, to expel her husband from the castle, and marry Louis of Brandenburg, who was the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV. The emperor, perhaps also for political reasons, supported her and officially annulled the first marriage, and this led to Margaret and her second husband being excommunicated by the church. Eventually, however, she forced her way and the charges were dropped by the church, but she must have been deeply offended by the church in the process, as an institution.
Due to the above, she became subjected to lots of legends, pro or con, and slandering. She was extremely bright, highly educated and intelligent woman, and adept politician, speaking Latin and German (and local dialects, must have included Bavarian, I guess) fluently, and I am sure had lots of time to study her own life and astrological sciences of her time to make sense of the sadness she had felt throughout her life amid the challenges she faced in public life.
She ended up having (I think) three children with her second husband, but two of them died in childhood (there had been a cholera epidemic afflicting her region as well, not sure if that played a role). Her last and only son, Meinhard III (b. 1344) who would have been her heir died (in 1363) at 19 soon after his own marriage and two years after her father (Margaret’s husband) had died (in 1361).
They accused her of having poisoned her husband and son, which seem slanderous, since such a plan would have implied she wanted to do so for political reasons. But, instead, from sadness, she abdicated her position to the House of Habsburg in 1363, and left for Vienna for retirement before dying in 1369. I think she must have put her final touches on the Voynich manuscript in those retirement years to leave the only legacy she hoped she was leaving behind.
The University of Vienna was established in 1365, and given her long years of legal battles, she must have had a strong legal team to leave behind her legacy and the manuscript, instructing them (with payments received in advance), to put her legacy manuscript to a durable vellum manuscript, at a time her enemies had left the scene, several decades later (early 1400s). I think the first page of the Voynich manuscript is a statement of the legal obligations that were being fulfilled on her behalf posthumously.
How her manuscript traveled around, finding its way to French readers, would be interesting to explore. But at that time there was a strong movement emerging by women holding political power, and I would not be surprised if Yolande of Aragon (1384-1442), who was a strong patron of the arts and manuscripts (and a supporter of Joan of Arc) had known about the manuscript. She was a distant cousin of Margaret Maultasch).
Regarding the post 1400s history of the book, I think for reasons that may have had to do with extremely slanderous way she was had been treated, and/or for marketing reasons, her book was “forged” in the sense of the sections identifying her were removed and suppressed to make it sellable to Rudolf II. Whether the “cutting out” of the pages was more contemporary, only others may find out, but technically, given the puzzlement over the manuscript in Rudolf II’s time, I think it was done before the book’s sale to him.
As I had noted early on, Rudolf II may have bought a book that was already in his possession in terms of castle archives or those in Vienna. In one of Koen G.’s interviews, ReneZ suggests it is possible the manuscript had travelled to its place before sale to Rudolf by way of Vienna or France (something like that, as I recall). These are topics to be explored further by those who know more about the details.
Forum member HermesRevived in this thread You are not allowed to view links.
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Login to view. had interestingly considered Ulrich Putsch as having something to do with the production of the VM vellum. Since he was framing his consideration in terms of the book being authored in early 1400s, not finding Putsch himself capable of doing that, HermesRevived gave up the idea (“I concluded that this biography does not fit the profile of our author. The Voynich author is more conspicuously a Humanist and Ulrich Putsch can be eliminated on those grounds, and he shows no deep interest in Ptolemaic cosmology”).
I strongly recommend reading his post on 09-06-2024, 08:54 PM, again, because I think Putsch and the scribes working for him may have had a lot to do with the VM vellum production in early 1400s. He was a Bishop at the service of Friedrich IV, who basically had inherited Margaret’s legacy, and had a team of scribes under his command. As HermesRevived states, “He was dedicated to bringing both science and religion to the common people. … He conducted translations into the common tongue, German, and his Latin was the common medieval Latin, without the classical influences of Humanism.” As Hermes777, the forum member also had interesting things to say about the significant of Sud Tyrol for a rich balneological and botanical traditions in this thread You are not allowed to view links.
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Login to view.). I found his posts insightful.
This link in German, offers a very interesting information about Margarat of Tyrol, both factual and legend-based. I will copy below some in google translation, but you can read the original on the page You are not allowed to view links.
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“At Ambras Castle in Innsbruck, the legendary "bridal cup" of Margaret can be viewed.[17] The most famous painting of Margaret Maultasch, in which she is depicted as a princess with the coats of arms of Tyrol, Carinthia, and Bavaria, is now located in the so-called "Ambras Picture Gallery." In the Spanish Hall, there is also a 16th-century mural of her in the "Gallery of Tyrolean Princes."”
“Fieberbrunn: According to legend, Margarete Maultasch fell ill with a fever in 1354 and was cured by the water of the healing spring in Fieberbrunn. In 1971, a fountain was erected on the church path in Fieberbrunn at the site where the healing spring, which gave the town its name, was previously located. A bronze statue of Margarete Maultasch, a work by the sculptor Josef Bachlechner (the Younger), stands at this fountain.”
“St. Georgen am Längsee: At Hochosterwitz Castle, there is a statue of Margaret Maultasch, in which she is depicted as a seductress, modeled after the biblical Eve. [note: I doubt that this statue goes back to the 1300s. It must be a contemporary art inspired by the legends surrounding Margaret Maultasch. But it will be interesting to find out who the artist is and why it was created; its resemblance to the Voynich nymphs is interesting but may be coincidental”].
“In other legends, however, Margaret is depicted as a wicked "femme fatale" who is punished after her death for her sexual excesses. These legends likely originated in the political propaganda that arose as a result of the conflicts between the families of her two husbands.”
I want to especially acknowledge this important page I had linked to when answering R. Sale’s question: You are not allowed to view links.
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Login to view.. Very insightful findings can be found there that played an important role in my conclusions. JB must stand for J. J. Bunn (sorry, I don’t know names still). Thanks for your work.
There is still tons of work to be done and questions to be explored regarding what Margaret of Tyrol was trying to do and say in the Voynich manuscript. This is just a beginning of my own.
There is a lot to be learned in light of the above and I have barely scratched the surface of everything generations of VM scholars have done to bring us to this point. If I have left out any contributions that resonates with my finding, please see it as my not having yet had time to find and read it, or not gotten around to commenting on them. So, you can do me a favor by sharing your contribution if you think it supports or overlaps with the above finding about the author of the Voynich manuscript being Margaret, Countess of Tyrol.