From what I understand, the word "charlatan" is of relatively recent origin, probably dating to after 1500. During the Middle Ages, the demand for medical services exceeded the number of graduates produced by universities, so it was common for medicine to be practiced by non-graduates. Universities attempted to exercise control over who was allowed to practice, often obtaining a role in issuing licenses for the profession. Therefore, the most common offense in the medical field was practicing without a license. An emblematic case illustrating these dynamics is that of Jacoba Felicie (she was tried in Paris in 1322).
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Paper by Tommaso Duranti about physicians with and without an academic education:
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