17-11-2025, 12:39 AM
(This post was last modified: 17-11-2025, 12:50 PM by Jorge_Stolfi.
Edit Reason: Grammos, clarification "in Arabic"
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(25-06-2025, 04:46 PM)dashstofsk wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.Also I don't know much about non-European languages.
Mandarin Chinese words have a fixed structure A B C where
A is zero, one, or two consonant sounds (e.g. b, d, h, k, ʃ, m, tz, ts, tʃ etc.)
B is one, two or three vowels (e.g. a, e, u, ü, ai, uo, iao, ...)
C is empty or a nasal consonal (n or You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.)
The core B can be pronounced in one of four tones (pitch patterns). That is usually indicated by a diacritic on one of the vowels. But another spelling system instead uses a fourth segment D that is a digit 1-4 appended to the word. Words do not inflect -- there are no such things as the case, number, gender, mood, tense, and person concepts of IE languages.
Many other languages of East Asia have a similar word structure, except that the choices in each slot (including the tone) can be very different.
In Semitic languages like Arabic, Hebrew, and Ge'ez, the standard word structure is
P V0 C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3 S where C1,C2,C3 are consonants that determine the basic meaning, V0,V1,V2,V3 are either empty or vowels that determine the inflection, and P, S are either empty or certain short prefixes (like the Arabic definite article "al-") and suffixes. There are three long vowel sounds and three short ones; in Arabic both are "a", "i", or "u". In traditional Arabic and Hebrew spelling the short vowels are omitted and the prefix and suffix are attached to the word. When Arabic is rendered in Latin letters, all vowels are written (but the crucial long-short distinction may be lost) and the article "al" is usually hyphenated, as in "al-Andalus"
All the best, --stolfi


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