I think the examples in the Naples manuscript are probably from the Brassicaceae family, which is distinctive for the way the pods and 4 petals are arranged. Sometimes the petals even look like butterflies (as in the picture) because they are slightly asymmetric.
The Brassicaceae family includes common plants like mustard, rocket (Eruca), Sisymbrium, and Cardamine (Mignonette), rock cress (Aubrieta), Schaum cress (Arabidopsis). Many of these were used medicinally and also as salad greens.
Here are some examples that I was able to grab quickly (I have more):
The Brassicaceae family includes common plants like mustard, rocket (Eruca), Sisymbrium, and Cardamine (Mignonette), rock cress (Aubrieta), Schaum cress (Arabidopsis). Many of these were used medicinally and also as salad greens.
Here are some examples that I was able to grab quickly (I have more):

