My current favourite for this one is okra, or
Abelmoschus esculentus.
I realize the leaves are usually more palmate, but evidently proponents of their being of African origin say the highest amount of variation is found there. These baby leaves below resemble the one drawn enough that it is possible that some variety may (or may have) matched our diagram at some point in its growth cycle. Also, the points on the drawn leaf may hint toward the various numbers of lobes the plants might develop as it matures.
The fruit I see as having being drawn "growing out of the main stalk between the leaf stems". A little too literally, maybe, but the description works out pretty well when you compare it to how okra grows:
Perhaps this is why there is no flower drawn, this plant may not have grown enough to witness and draw everything properly. They knew the resulting fruit and had to place it somewhere and guessed? Or it could be that it is a purposeful obfuscation, which upon encountering the plant, one would understand and equate with the reality. I can think of no reason, however, why the flowers of other suggested species would be omitted, since it seems common to most of the diagrams to include them.
The shape of the fruit is a pretty good match other than its placement:
The roots also seem well represented: