Hi! It's @JustAnotherTheory again. This time I submit to you the theory that
Johannes von Gmünden was the writer of the VMS marginalia.
Johannes von Gmünden (1380/1384 - 1442) was an astronomer in Austria (You are not allowed to view links.
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Not many writings of his own hand survive, unfortunately. One of them that does, is Augsburg, Universitätsbibl., Cod. III.1.4° 1 (You are not allowed to view links.
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In this manuscript, we can see some startling things. Here are a few words that remind one of the VMS folio 17r:
Others ressemble the VMS folio 116v:
We also have an MS from him where he draws some kind of star map with the sun and the moon having human faces: