Let us count the days

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If you count the labels on the zodiac folios, you get 29 for March, 15 for April 1 and 2 (so 30 for the month), 15 for May 1 and 2 (so again 30), 29 for June, 30 for July, 29 for August, 30 for September, October, November and December. Could these be days? or "zodiac" coordinates?

So, I'd count the characters (women/men) as days and the stars as degrees of the zodiac. Sometimes you'll be missing a person or two but then there they are, right in the middle as part of the zodiac sign (e.g 2 characters of gemini).
You have 30 degrees in each sign and a variable number of days in each sign. The labels in different positions likely represent different things, two of which I propose are degrees of the zodiac ecliptic and the day of the zodiac year.

Have a look at the Catalan Atlas, it's a really near description of the kind of data astrological calendars would include.

The Julian calendar was pretty volatile at this time in history, a century or so later it's replaced by the Gregorian calendar so things changed.e.g my understanding is that on a leap year you'd have Feb 24th appearing twice, instead of adding a day to the end as we do today.

Currently reading through Symbol Roles Revised, frustratingly I don't see a clear indication on how they think all the characters map to each other. There are some likely ligature to character mappings but not a complete layout. Still, I like the idea of considering the ligatures in this context. I need to have a think to see if there's some way for me to try and resolve characters to likely ligature compounds.

p.s thank you for the pointer to f49v, in all my time looking I've not seen those numbers before 

"Which would make all zodiacs have 30 labels. And each zodiac sign is 30 degrees, so arguably it would make sense for each label to be a degree."
So, not all women/men are connected to a star. Most are but some are not. Meaning there are more days than degrees. It's kind of a Where's Wally puzzle finding the unconnected sneaky ones.