A priori or A posteriori cracking?

[Arichichi]

To rephrase my question, I want to know whether the cryptologists that deal with languages have ever tried to crack natural languages without a priori knowledge, just to test how strong their methods are.

I don't really see how that would work. Natural languages aren't codes, and you wouldn't approach the problem in the same way.

The idea is to consider that you don't have access to translation, or grammar books, or dictionaries, or any resource that would help you learn the language, and you'd learn the language through consulting one book that narrates a story you have never read before, or something of this kind.

A perfect example is the case presented in the answer above.