Quote:And personally I agree with Panofsky: the VMS looks provincial, rather than related with major Renaissance centers

Quote:While Panofsky was a towering figure in art history, specific interpretations he made have been contested or revised by later scholars. Rather than making simple factual mistakes, his specific readings of individual artworks often drew criticism for being overly speculative or constrained by his own theoretical frameworks.
Examples of areas where his interpretations faced pushback include:

• Over-Reading Symbolism: Scholars have argued that Panofsky occasionally saw complex literary, philosophical, or theological symbols in details that artists may have simply included for decorative or compositional reasons. This tendency to treat every minor element as an intellectual puzzle led some critics to accuse him of "over-interpreting."
  
• Perspectives on Renaissance Space: In his influential work on perspective as a "symbolic form," Panofsky argued that linear perspective was a systematic discovery of the Renaissance. Later art historians and theorists (such as Daniel Arasse) challenged these readings, showing that artists frequently bent or broke the rules of perspective intentionally for emotional or theological reasons, rather than failing at it or strictly adhering to a unified worldview.
  
• Rigid Categorization of Historical Eras: His distinctions between periods—such as his strict rules about how classical motifs were used and transformed during the Middle Ages versus the Renaissance—have sometimes been viewed as too rigid. Later historians have pointed out that cultural exchange and artistic revivals were much more fluid and messy than his structural boundaries suggested
  

Quote:However, since the style of the drawings is fairly provincial, a somewhat later date, even the first years of the sixteenth century, would not seem to be excluded. I should not go lower than ca. 1510-1520 because no influence of the Italian Renaissance style is evident.

(08-09-2026, 02:44 PM)Rafal wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.From Gemini AI: ...
In simple words he was a bit paranoid, seeing patterns in random things and connecting dots where there was no connection.

Quote:I love Cadamosto’s herbal, but it’s worth remembering that it appears to be about 30 years later than the VMS.

(08-09-2026, 05:14 PM)JustAnotherTheory wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.PS. Where else would you find so many consecutive naked people with labels on top of their heads?

(08-09-2026, 07:44 AM)JustAnotherTheory wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.I believe the Voynich manuscript has something to do with the court of Borso d'Este. Borso was a wealthy Italian duke of the 15th century, and a parton of the arts. He spent most of his money on helping artists and commissoining pieces.

One of his most famous commissions is the Bible of Borso d'Este. Here is an example of an illustration of that Bible, next to a similar looking nymph from the VMS:



Borso kept a huge library of manuscripts. Today, those manuscripts are part of the Biblioteca Estensa. Unfortunately, the website has dissapeared. But you can view it in the archive.org viewer:

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A particularly interesting MS in that collection is the Dante d'Este, an illustrated copy of Dante's works. In it, we see some striking imagery reminiscent of the VMS. Let's begin with swallowtail merlons:



Bathing scenes:



Notice the naked nymphs bathing together on the right.

There are lots of illustrations of naked people, including women:



The proportions seem to be like those of the VMS.

Borso's court placed enormous importance on astrology. Palazzo dei Diamanti's historical account says that Borso reportedly did not undertake important actions without the advice of his astrologers, particularly Michele Savonarola and Pellegrino Prisciani. Note that Savonarola wrote a treatise on thermal baths: De balneis et thermis naturalibus omnibus Italiae.

Note also that Borso d'Este had commissioned a herbal from Cadamosto, which has already been discussed as potentially relevant on this forum:

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Some excerpts:





According to Italian herbal expert Sergio Toresella, the above mentioned herbal has similarities to the VMS.

So I think therefore that the VMS has something to do with the court of Borso d'Este.

(09-09-2026, 06:52 AM)Radim Dobeš wrote: You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login to view.

Where are these images from, please? I can't seem to find them. Thank you.