07-01-2020, 11:52 PM
The comparison of the apparent similarity between the VMs critter (f80v) and the fleece-like portion of the medallion of the Order of the Golden Fleece has a long history and potentially multiple sources with few instances of dissent. For those familiar with both images, it is easy to see some general similarities and specific differences. One major difference being the reversal of direction of the head and tail. Naturally there has been discussion about whether and how this comparison might be related to VMs investigation.
The Order of the Golden Fleece was a knightly order instituted in 1430 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, on the occasion of his marriage (#3) to Isabel of Portugal.
Having recently obtained a good source, I have discovered some interesting information. Richard Vaughan, in his book, Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy, says: “The Golden Fleece soon became an important motif in the art and literature of the Burgundian court.” And this source (p. 162) provides much of the information discussed in the two paragraphs below.
The Golden Fleece was borrowed from the Classical myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece. And here there is a problem, not with the Fleece, but with Jason. The story of ‘Jason and Medea’ is a Greek tragedy, in which Jason promised to be eternally faithful to Medea, and later deserted her. It was called perjury by the contemporary French author, Alain Chartier. The problem was having a knightly order tied to a figure involved in betrayal. So, there was a problem of ‘optics’ in modern terms, and there were two attempts to fix it. Both were promulgated by bishops who were promoted by Philip the Good.
The first was by Guillaume Fillastre (the younger), bishop of Verdun, Tour and Tournai. He tried to put a pro-Christian spin on the story of Jason. The second was Jehan Germain, bishop of Nevers and Chalon. He eliminated Jason altogether and replaced him with the biblical Gideon. Both of these men also had held the office of chancellor of the Order of the Golden Fleece. And in 1448 there is a record of Philip the Good ordering a tapestry based on the theme of the “History of Gideon and the Golden Fleece”. The existence of this tapestry is mentioned in the 1468 marriage of the last of these Burgundian dukes, Charles the Rash, to Margaret of York. So, within the first 18 years, Jason had been replaced by Gideon – a biblical hero had been substituted for a classical betrayer. Compared with an alteration of that magnitude, the slightly ambiguous combination of the Golden Fleece with the Agnus Dei image from the Apocalypse of S. Jean is relatively minor.
In the VMs illustration, the representation of the ‘critter’ does not stand in isolation. There are two other patterns associated with it. They might be said to vaguely resemble clouds and rain. But while their identity is unknown, it is unclear what they represent. Now it is understood that the meandering line is a nebuly line. And that a nebuly line is a potential cosmic boundary. And that a nebuly line was used as a cosmic boundary in the VMs cosmos. The combination of fleece-sheep-lamb-type critter and a cosmic boundary, once the combination is recognized, leads quite naturally to the examination of the available examples of religious illustrations of the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei), in which there is also a cosmic boundary. There are several ways to represent cosmic boundaries and there are a variety of images produced in a relevant time period. However, it is only with the discovery of the Agnus Dei image in the Apocalypse of S. Jean that the proper interpretation of the third part is verified. The potential droplets in the VMs representation are droplets of blood in the Agnus Dei illustration. And these two representations share a common structure of three parts in sequence: lamb, cosmic boundary, droplets. So far, these two are the only examples of this structure.
The Apocalypse of S. Jean was produced in Liège in 1313 by Colin Chadelve. So how does it tie in with the Order of the Golden Fleece started in 1430? Liège was a possession of the Dukes of Burgundy and it was not a pleasant relationship. Liège was defeated by John the Fearless in 1408, by his son, Philip the Good, in 1430, and sacked by his son, Charles the Rash, in 1465, and that was the end – of the Dukes of Burgundy in 1477. More important, however, is the historical notation that the Apocalypse of S. Jean was in the library of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (r. 1419-1467) and there were multiple opportunities for that to occur.
Both elements, the motif of the Golden Fleece and the illustration of the 1313 version of the Agnus Dei structure existed together within the sphere of Burgundy starting in 1430. And this is a date that falls within the primary statistical range of the Carbon-14 dates for the VMs parchment.
Furthermore, this use of combined images exists elsewhere in the VMs. The VMs cosmos is a combination of the Oresme (BNF Fr. 565 fol. 23) Diagram and the Shirakatsi ‘Eight Phases of the Moon’ Diagram, with certain alterations to diminish the visual similarities.
It’s like this. If someone were to combine images of Marilyn Monroe and Groucho Marx, most of us would recognize what had been done, unless that is now too old for some. In the VMs, the situation has been one where no one could identify either image. That may be starting to change.
The Order of the Golden Fleece was a knightly order instituted in 1430 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, on the occasion of his marriage (#3) to Isabel of Portugal.
Having recently obtained a good source, I have discovered some interesting information. Richard Vaughan, in his book, Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy, says: “The Golden Fleece soon became an important motif in the art and literature of the Burgundian court.” And this source (p. 162) provides much of the information discussed in the two paragraphs below.
The Golden Fleece was borrowed from the Classical myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece. And here there is a problem, not with the Fleece, but with Jason. The story of ‘Jason and Medea’ is a Greek tragedy, in which Jason promised to be eternally faithful to Medea, and later deserted her. It was called perjury by the contemporary French author, Alain Chartier. The problem was having a knightly order tied to a figure involved in betrayal. So, there was a problem of ‘optics’ in modern terms, and there were two attempts to fix it. Both were promulgated by bishops who were promoted by Philip the Good.
The first was by Guillaume Fillastre (the younger), bishop of Verdun, Tour and Tournai. He tried to put a pro-Christian spin on the story of Jason. The second was Jehan Germain, bishop of Nevers and Chalon. He eliminated Jason altogether and replaced him with the biblical Gideon. Both of these men also had held the office of chancellor of the Order of the Golden Fleece. And in 1448 there is a record of Philip the Good ordering a tapestry based on the theme of the “History of Gideon and the Golden Fleece”. The existence of this tapestry is mentioned in the 1468 marriage of the last of these Burgundian dukes, Charles the Rash, to Margaret of York. So, within the first 18 years, Jason had been replaced by Gideon – a biblical hero had been substituted for a classical betrayer. Compared with an alteration of that magnitude, the slightly ambiguous combination of the Golden Fleece with the Agnus Dei image from the Apocalypse of S. Jean is relatively minor.
In the VMs illustration, the representation of the ‘critter’ does not stand in isolation. There are two other patterns associated with it. They might be said to vaguely resemble clouds and rain. But while their identity is unknown, it is unclear what they represent. Now it is understood that the meandering line is a nebuly line. And that a nebuly line is a potential cosmic boundary. And that a nebuly line was used as a cosmic boundary in the VMs cosmos. The combination of fleece-sheep-lamb-type critter and a cosmic boundary, once the combination is recognized, leads quite naturally to the examination of the available examples of religious illustrations of the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei), in which there is also a cosmic boundary. There are several ways to represent cosmic boundaries and there are a variety of images produced in a relevant time period. However, it is only with the discovery of the Agnus Dei image in the Apocalypse of S. Jean that the proper interpretation of the third part is verified. The potential droplets in the VMs representation are droplets of blood in the Agnus Dei illustration. And these two representations share a common structure of three parts in sequence: lamb, cosmic boundary, droplets. So far, these two are the only examples of this structure.
The Apocalypse of S. Jean was produced in Liège in 1313 by Colin Chadelve. So how does it tie in with the Order of the Golden Fleece started in 1430? Liège was a possession of the Dukes of Burgundy and it was not a pleasant relationship. Liège was defeated by John the Fearless in 1408, by his son, Philip the Good, in 1430, and sacked by his son, Charles the Rash, in 1465, and that was the end – of the Dukes of Burgundy in 1477. More important, however, is the historical notation that the Apocalypse of S. Jean was in the library of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (r. 1419-1467) and there were multiple opportunities for that to occur.
Both elements, the motif of the Golden Fleece and the illustration of the 1313 version of the Agnus Dei structure existed together within the sphere of Burgundy starting in 1430. And this is a date that falls within the primary statistical range of the Carbon-14 dates for the VMs parchment.
Furthermore, this use of combined images exists elsewhere in the VMs. The VMs cosmos is a combination of the Oresme (BNF Fr. 565 fol. 23) Diagram and the Shirakatsi ‘Eight Phases of the Moon’ Diagram, with certain alterations to diminish the visual similarities.
It’s like this. If someone were to combine images of Marilyn Monroe and Groucho Marx, most of us would recognize what had been done, unless that is now too old for some. In the VMs, the situation has been one where no one could identify either image. That may be starting to change.